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basic_cmds-55
bootstrap_cmds-116.100.1
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shell_cmds-216.60.1
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1 files changed, 715 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/file_cmds/ls/ls.1 b/file_cmds/ls/ls.1
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+.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994
+.\"	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
+.\"
+.\" This code is derived from software contributed to Berkeley by
+.\" the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
+.\"
+.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+.\" are met:
+.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
+.\"    must display the following acknowledgment:
+.\"	This product includes software developed by the University of
+.\"	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
+.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
+.\"    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
+.\"    without specific prior written permission.
+.\"
+.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+.\" ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
+.\"
+.\"     @(#)ls.1	8.7 (Berkeley) 7/29/94
+.\" $FreeBSD: src/bin/ls/ls.1,v 1.69 2002/08/21 17:32:34 trhodes Exp $
+.\"
+.Dd May 19, 2002
+.Dt LS 1
+.Os
+.Sh NAME
+.Nm ls
+.Nd list directory contents
+.Sh SYNOPSIS
+.Nm ls
+.Op Fl ABCFGHLOPRSTUW@abcdefghiklmnopqrstuwx1%
+.Op Ar
+.Sh DESCRIPTION
+For each operand that names a
+.Ar file
+of a type other than
+directory,
+.Nm ls
+displays its name as well as any requested,
+associated information.
+For each operand that names a
+.Ar file
+of type directory,
+.Nm ls
+displays the names of files contained
+within that directory, as well as any requested, associated
+information.
+.Pp
+If no operands are given, the contents of the current
+directory are displayed.
+If more than one operand is given,
+non-directory operands are displayed first; directory
+and non-directory operands are sorted separately and in
+lexicographical order.
+.Pp
+The following options are available:
+.Bl -tag -width indent
+.It Fl @
+Display extended attribute keys and sizes in long
+.Pq Fl l
+output.
+.It Fl 1
+(The numeric digit
+.Dq one . )
+Force output to be
+one entry per line.
+This is the default when
+output is not to a terminal.
+.It Fl A
+List all entries except for
+.Pa \&.
+and
+.Pa .. .
+Always set for the super-user.
+.It Fl a
+Include directory entries whose names begin with a
+dot
+.Pq Pa \&. .
+.It Fl B
+Force printing of non-printable characters (as defined by
+.Xr ctype 3
+and current locale settings) in file names as
+.Li \e Ns Va xxx ,
+where
+.Va xxx
+is the numeric value of the character in octal.
+.It Fl b
+As
+.Fl B ,
+but use
+.Tn C
+escape codes whenever possible.
+.It Fl C
+Force multi-column output; this is the default when output is to a terminal.
+.It Fl c
+Use time when file status was last changed for sorting
+.Pq Fl t
+or long printing
+.Pq Fl l .
+.It Fl d
+Directories are listed as plain files (not searched recursively).
+.It Fl e
+Print the Access Control List (ACL) associated with the file, if present, in long
+.Pq Fl l
+output.
+.It Fl F
+Display a slash
+.Pq Ql /
+immediately after each pathname that is a directory,
+an asterisk
+.Pq Ql *
+after each that is executable,
+an at sign
+.Pq Ql @
+after each symbolic link,
+an equals sign
+.Pq Ql =
+after each socket,
+a percent sign
+.Pq Ql %
+after each whiteout,
+and a vertical bar
+.Pq Ql \&|
+after each that is a
+.Tn FIFO .
+.It Fl f
+Output is not sorted.
+This option turns on the
+.Fl a
+option.
+.It Fl G
+Enable colorized output.
+This option is equivalent to defining
+.Ev CLICOLOR
+in the environment.
+(See below.)
+.It Fl g
+This option is only available for compatibility with POSIX;
+it is used to display the group name in the long
+.Pq Fl l
+format output (the owner name is suppressed).
+.It Fl H
+Symbolic links on the command line are followed.
+This option is assumed if
+none of the
+.Fl F , d ,
+or
+.Fl l
+options are specified.
+.It Fl h
+When used with the
+.Fl l
+option, use unit suffixes: Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte
+and Petabyte in order to reduce the number of digits to three or less
+using base 2 for sizes.
+.It Fl i
+For each file, print the file's file serial number (inode number).
+.It Fl k
+If the
+.Fl s
+option is specified, print the file size allocation in kilobytes,
+not blocks.
+This option overrides the environment variable
+.Ev BLOCKSIZE .
+.It Fl L
+Follow all symbolic links to final target and list the file or directory the link references
+rather than the link itself.
+This option cancels the
+.Fl P
+option.
+.It Fl l
+(The lowercase letter
+.Dq ell . )
+List in long format.
+(See below.)
+A total sum for all the file
+sizes is output on a line before the long listing.
+.It Fl m
+Stream output format; list files across the page, separated by commas.
+.It Fl n
+Display user and group IDs numerically,
+rather than converting to a user or group name in a long
+.Pq Fl l
+output.
+This option turns on the
+.Fl l
+option.
+.It Fl O
+Include the file flags in a long
+.Pq Fl l
+output.
+.It Fl o
+List in long format, but omit the group id.
+.It Fl P
+If argument is a symbolic link, list the link itself rather than the
+object the link references.
+This option cancels the
+.Fl H
+and
+.Fl L
+options.
+.It Fl p
+Write a slash
+.Pq Ql /
+after each filename if that file is a directory.
+.It Fl q
+Force printing of non-graphic characters in file names as
+the character
+.Ql \&? ;
+this is the default when output is to a terminal.
+.It Fl R
+Recursively list subdirectories encountered.
+.It Fl r
+Reverse the order of the sort to get reverse
+lexicographical order or the oldest entries first (or largest files
+last, if combined with sort by size
+.It Fl S
+Sort files by size
+.It Fl s
+Display the number of file system blocks actually used by each file, in units
+of 512 bytes, where partial units are rounded up to the next integer value.
+If the output is to a terminal, a total sum for all the file
+sizes is output on a line before the listing.
+The environment variable
+.Ev BLOCKSIZE
+overrides the unit size of 512 bytes.
+.It Fl T
+When used with the
+.Fl l
+(lowercase letter
+.Dq ell )
+option, display complete time information for the file, including
+month, day, hour, minute, second, and year.
+.It Fl t
+Sort by time modified (most recently modified
+first) before sorting the operands by lexicographical
+order.
+.It Fl u
+Use time of last access,
+instead of last modification
+of the file for sorting
+.Pq Fl t
+or long printing
+.Pq Fl l .
+.It Fl U
+Use time of file creation, instead of last modification for sorting
+.Pq Fl t
+or long output
+.Pq Fl l .
+.It Fl v
+Force unedited printing of non-graphic characters; this is the default when
+output is not to a terminal.
+.It Fl W
+Display whiteouts when scanning directories.
+.Pq Fl S
+flag).
+.It Fl w
+Force raw printing of non-printable characters.
+This is the default
+when output is not to a terminal.
+.It Fl x
+The same as
+.Fl C ,
+except that the multi-column output is produced with entries sorted
+across, rather than down, the columns.
+.It Fl %
+Distinguish dataless files and directories with a '%' character in long
+.Pq Fl l
+output, and don't materialize dataless directories when listing them.
+.El
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl 1 , C , x ,
+and
+.Fl l
+options all override each other;
+the last one specified determines the format used.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl c
+and
+.Fl u
+options override each other; the last one specified determines
+the file time used.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl B , b , w ,
+and
+.Fl q
+options all override each other;
+the last one specified determines the format used
+for non-printable characters.
+.Pp
+The
+.Fl H , L
+and
+.Fl P
+options all override each other (either partially or fully); they
+are applied in the order specified.
+.Pp
+By default,
+.Nm ls
+lists one entry per line to standard
+output; the exceptions are to terminals or when the
+.Fl C
+or
+.Fl x
+options are specified.
+.Pp
+File information is displayed with one or more
+.Ao blank Ac Ns s
+separating the information associated with the
+.Fl i , s ,
+and
+.Fl l
+options.
+.Ss The Long Format
+If the
+.Fl l
+option is given, the following information
+is displayed for each file:
+file mode,
+number of links, owner name, group name,
+number of bytes in the file, abbreviated
+month, day-of-month file was last modified,
+hour file last modified, minute file last
+modified, and the pathname.
+In addition, for each directory whose contents are displayed,
+the total number of 512-byte blocks used by the files in the directory
+is displayed on a line by itself,
+immediately before the information for the files in the directory.
+If the file or directory has extended attributes,
+the permissions field printed by the
+.Fl l
+option is followed by a '@' character.
+Otherwise, if the file or directory has extended security information
+(such as an access control list),
+the permissions field printed by the 
+.Fl l
+option is followed by a '+' character.
+If the
+.Fl %
+option is given, a '%' character follows the permissions field
+for dataless files and directories,
+possibly replacing the '@' or '+' character.
+.Pp
+If the modification time of the file
+is more than 6 months in the past or future,
+then the year of the last modification
+is displayed in place of the hour and minute fields.
+.Pp
+If the owner or group names are not a known user or group name,
+or the
+.Fl n
+option is given,
+the numeric ID's are displayed.
+.Pp
+If the file is a character special or block special file,
+the major and minor device numbers for the file are displayed
+in the size field.
+If the file is a symbolic link,
+the pathname of the linked-to file is preceded by
+.Dq Li -> .
+.Pp
+The file mode printed under the
+.Fl l
+option consists of the
+entry type, owner permissions, and group permissions.
+The entry type character describes the type of file,
+as follows:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
+.It Sy b
+Block special file.
+.It Sy c
+Character special file.
+.It Sy d
+Directory.
+.It Sy l
+Symbolic link.
+.It Sy s
+Socket link.
+.It Sy p
+.Tn FIFO .
+.It Sy \-
+Regular file.
+.El
+.Pp
+The next three fields
+are three characters each:
+owner permissions,
+group permissions, and
+other permissions.
+Each field has three character positions:
+.Bl -enum -offset indent
+.It
+If
+.Sy r ,
+the file is readable; if
+.Sy \- ,
+it is not readable.
+.It
+If
+.Sy w ,
+the file is writable; if
+.Sy \- ,
+it is not writable.
+.It
+The first of the following that applies:
+.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
+.It Sy S
+If in the owner permissions, the file is not executable and
+set-user-ID mode is set.
+If in the group permissions, the file is not executable
+and set-group-ID mode is set.
+.It Sy s
+If in the owner permissions, the file is executable
+and set-user-ID mode is set.
+If in the group permissions, the file is executable
+and setgroup-ID mode is set.
+.It Sy x
+The file is executable or the directory is
+searchable.
+.It Sy \-
+The file is neither readable, writable, executable,
+nor set-user-ID nor set-group-ID mode, nor sticky.
+(See below.)
+.El
+.Pp
+These next two apply only to the third character in the last group
+(other permissions).
+.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent
+.It Sy T
+The sticky bit is set
+(mode
+.Li 1000 ) ,
+but not execute or search permission.
+(See
+.Xr chmod 1
+or
+.Xr sticky 8 . )
+.It Sy t
+The sticky bit is set (mode
+.Li 1000 ) ,
+and is searchable or executable.
+(See
+.Xr chmod 1
+or
+.Xr sticky 8 . )
+.El
+.El
+.Sh EXAMPLES
+The following is how to do an
+.Nm ls
+listing sorted by increasing size 
+.Pp
+.Dl "ls -lrS"
+.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
+.Ex -std
+.Sh ENVIRONMENT
+The following environment variables affect the execution of
+.Nm ls :
+.Bl -tag -width ".Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE"
+.It Ev BLOCKSIZE
+If the environment variable
+.Ev BLOCKSIZE
+is set, the block counts
+(see
+.Fl s )
+will be displayed in units of that size block.
+.It Ev CLICOLOR
+Use
+\*[Ai]
+color sequences to distinguish file types.
+See
+.Ev LSCOLORS
+below.
+In addition to the file types mentioned in the
+.Fl F
+option some extra attributes (setuid bit set, etc.) are also displayed.
+The colorization is dependent on a terminal type with the proper
+.Xr termcap 5
+capabilities.
+The default
+.Dq Li cons25
+console has the proper capabilities,
+but to display the colors in an
+.Xr xterm 1 ,
+for example,
+the
+.Ev TERM
+variable must be set to
+.Dq Li xterm-color .
+Other terminal types may require similar adjustments.
+Colorization
+is silently disabled if the output isn't directed to a terminal
+unless the
+.Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE
+variable is defined.
+.It Ev CLICOLOR_FORCE
+Color sequences are normally disabled if the output isn't directed to
+a terminal.
+This can be overridden by setting this flag.
+The
+.Ev TERM
+variable still needs to reference a color capable terminal however
+otherwise it is not possible to determine which color sequences to
+use.
+.It Ev COLUMNS
+If this variable contains a string representing a
+decimal integer, it is used as the
+column position width for displaying
+multiple-text-column output.
+The
+.Nm ls
+utility calculates how
+many pathname text columns to display
+based on the width provided.
+(See
+.Fl C
+and
+.Fl x . )
+.It Ev LANG
+The locale to use when determining the order of day and month in the long
+.Fl l
+format output.
+See
+.Xr environ 7
+for more information.
+.It Ev LSCOLORS
+The value of this variable describes what color to use for which
+attribute when colors are enabled with
+.Ev CLICOLOR .
+This string is a concatenation of pairs of the format
+.Ar f Ns Ar b ,
+where
+.Ar f
+is the foreground color and
+.Ar b
+is the background color.
+.Pp
+The color designators are as follows:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width 4n -offset indent -compact
+.It Sy a
+black
+.It Sy b
+red
+.It Sy c
+green
+.It Sy d
+brown
+.It Sy e
+blue
+.It Sy f
+magenta
+.It Sy g
+cyan
+.It Sy h
+light grey
+.It Sy A
+bold black, usually shows up as dark grey
+.It Sy B
+bold red
+.It Sy C
+bold green
+.It Sy D
+bold brown, usually shows up as yellow
+.It Sy E
+bold blue
+.It Sy F
+bold magenta
+.It Sy G
+bold cyan
+.It Sy H
+bold light grey; looks like bright white
+.It Sy x
+default foreground or background
+.El
+.Pp
+Note that the above are standard
+\*[Ai]
+colors.
+The actual display may differ
+depending on the color capabilities of the terminal in use.
+.Pp
+The order of the attributes are as follows:
+.Pp
+.Bl -enum -offset indent -compact
+.It
+directory
+.It
+symbolic link
+.It
+socket
+.It
+pipe
+.It
+executable
+.It
+block special
+.It
+character special
+.It
+executable with setuid bit set
+.It
+executable with setgid bit set
+.It
+directory writable to others, with sticky bit
+.It
+directory writable to others, without sticky bit
+.El
+.Pp
+The default is
+.Qq "exfxcxdxbxegedabagacad" ,
+i.e. blue foreground and
+default background for regular directories, black foreground and red
+background for setuid executables, etc.
+.It Ev LS_COLWIDTHS
+If this variable is set, it is considered to be a
+colon-delimited list of minimum column widths.
+Unreasonable
+and insufficient widths are ignored (thus zero signifies
+a dynamically sized column).
+Not all columns have changeable widths.
+The fields are,
+in order: inode, block count, number of links, user name,
+group name, flags, file size, file name.
+.It Ev TERM
+The
+.Ev CLICOLOR
+functionality depends on a terminal type with color capabilities.
+.It Ev TZ
+The timezone to use when displaying dates.
+See
+.Xr environ 7
+for more information.
+.El
+.Sh COMPATIBILITY
+The group field is now automatically included in the long listing for
+files in order to be compatible with the
+.St -p1003.2
+specification.
+.Sh LEGACY DESCRIPTION
+In legacy mode, the
+.Fl f
+option does not turn on the
+.Fl a
+option and the
+.Fl g ,
+.Fl n ,
+and
+.Fl o
+options do not turn on the
+.Fl l
+option.
+.Pp
+Also, the
+.Fl o
+option causes the file flags to be included in a long (-l) output;
+there is no
+.Fl O
+option.
+.Pp
+When
+.Fl H
+is specified (and not overridden by
+.Fl L
+or
+.Fl P )
+and a file argument is a symlink
+that resolves to a non-directory file,
+the output will reflect the nature of the link,
+rather than that of the file.
+In legacy operation, the output will describe the file.
+.Pp
+For more information about legacy mode, see
+.Xr compat 5 .
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr chflags 1 ,
+.Xr chmod 1 ,
+.Xr sort 1 ,
+.Xr xterm 1 ,
+.Xr compat 5 ,
+.Xr termcap 5 ,
+.Xr symlink 7 ,
+.Xr sticky 8
+.Sh STANDARDS
+The
+.Nm ls
+utility conforms to
+.St -p1003.1-2001 .
+.Sh HISTORY
+An
+.Nm ls
+command appeared in
+.At v1 .
+.Sh BUGS
+To maintain backward compatibility, the relationships between the many
+options are quite complex.