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diff --git a/mail_cmds/mail/USD.doc/mail4.nr b/mail_cmds/mail/USD.doc/mail4.nr new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a1e046 --- /dev/null +++ b/mail_cmds/mail/USD.doc/mail4.nr @@ -0,0 +1,437 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)mail4.nr 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93 +.\" +.bp +.sh 1 "More about sending mail" +.sh 2 "Tilde escapes" +.pp +While typing in a message to be sent to others, it is often +useful to be able to invoke the text editor on the partial message, +print the message, execute a shell command, or do some other +auxiliary function. +.i Mail +provides these capabilities through +.i "tilde escapes" , +which consist of a tilde (~) at the beginning of a line, followed by +a single character which indicates the function to be performed. For +example, to print the text of the message so far, use: +.(l +~p +.)l +which will print a line of dashes, the recipients of your message, and +the text of the message so far. +Since +.i Mail +requires two consecutive \s-2RUBOUT\s0's to abort a letter, you +can use a single \s-2RUBOUT\s0 to abort the output of ~p or any other +~ escape without killing your letter. +.pp +If you are dissatisfied with the message as +it stands, you can invoke the text editor on it using the escape +.(l +~e +.)l +which causes the message to be copied into a temporary file and an +instance of the editor to be spawned. After modifying the message to +your satisfaction, write it out and quit the editor. +.i Mail +will respond +by typing +.(l +(continue) +.)l +after which you may continue typing text which will be appended to your +message, or type <control-d> to end the message. +A standard text editor is provided by +.i Mail . +You can override this default by setting the valued option +.q EDITOR +to something else. For example, you might prefer: +.(l +set EDITOR=/usr/bin/ex +.)l +.pp +Many systems offer a screen editor as an alternative to the standard +text editor, such as the +.i vi +editor from UC Berkeley. +To use the screen, or +.i visual +editor, on your current message, you can use the escape, +.(l +~v +.)l +~v works like ~e, except that the screen editor is invoked instead. +A default screen editor is defined by +.i Mail . +If it does not suit you, you can set the valued option +.q VISUAL +to the path name of a different editor. +.pp +It is often useful to be able to include the contents of some +file in your message; the escape +.(l +~r filename +.)l +is provided for this purpose, and causes the named file to be appended +to your current message. +.i Mail +complains if the file doesn't exist +or can't be read. If the read is successful, the number of lines and +characters appended to your message is printed, after which you may continue +appending text. The filename may contain shell metacharacters like * and ? +which are expanded according to the conventions of your shell. +.pp +As a special case of ~r, the escape +.(l +~d +.)l +reads in the file +.q dead.letter +in your home directory. This is often useful since +.i Mail +copies the text +of your message there when you abort a message with \s-2RUBOUT\s0. +.pp +To save the current text of your message on a file you may use the +.(l +~w filename +.)l +escape. +.i Mail +will print out the number of lines and characters written +to the file, after which you may continue appending text to your message. +Shell metacharacters may be used in the filename, as in ~r and are expanded +with the conventions of your shell. +.pp +If you are sending mail from within +.i Mail's +command mode +you can read a message sent to you into the message +you are constructing with the escape: +.(l +~m 4 +.)l +which will read message 4 into the current message, shifted right by +one tab stop. You can name any non-deleted message, or list of messages. +Messages can also be forwarded without shifting by a tab stop with ~f. +This is the usual way to forward a message. +.pp +If, in the process of composing a message, you decide to add additional +people to the list of message recipients, you can do so with the escape +.(l +~t name1 name2 ... +.)l +You may name as few or many additional recipients as you wish. Note +that the users originally on the recipient list will still receive +the message; you cannot remove someone from the recipient +list with ~t. +.pp +If you wish, you can associate a subject with your message by using the +escape +.(l +~s Arbitrary string of text +.)l +which replaces any previous subject with +.q "Arbitrary string of text." +The subject, if given, is sent near the +top of the message prefixed with +.q "Subject:" +You can see what the message will look like by using ~p. +.pp +For political reasons, one occasionally prefers to list certain +people as recipients of carbon copies of a message rather than +direct recipients. The escape +.(l +~c name1 name2 ... +.)l +adds the named people to the +.q "Cc:" +list, similar to ~t. +Again, you can execute ~p to see what the message will look like. +.pp +The escape +.(l +~b name1 name2 ... +.)l +adds the named people to the +.q "Cc:" +list, but does not make the names visible in the +.q "Cc:" +line ("blind" carbon copy). +.pp +The recipients of the message together constitute the +.q "To:" +field, the subject the +.q "Subject:" +field, and the carbon copies the +.q "Cc:" +field. If you wish to edit these in ways impossible with the ~t, ~s, ~c +and ~b escapes, you can use the escape +.(l +~h +.)l +which prints +.q "To:" +followed by the current list of recipients and leaves the cursor +(or printhead) at the end of the line. If you type in ordinary +characters, they are appended to the end of the current list of +recipients. You can also use your erase character to erase back into +the list of recipients, or your kill character to erase them altogether. +Thus, for example, if your erase and kill characters are the standard +(on printing terminals) # and @ symbols, +.(l +~h +To: root kurt####bill +.)l +would change the initial recipients +.q "root kurt" +to +.q "root bill." +When you type a newline, +.i Mail +advances to the +.q "Subject:" +field, where the same rules apply. Another newline brings you to +the +.q "Cc:" +field, which may be edited in the same fashion. Another newline +brings you to the +.q "Bcc:" +("blind" carbon copy) field, which follows the same rules as the "Cc:" +field. Another newline +leaves you appending text to the end of your message. You can use +~p to print the current text of the header fields and the body +of the message. +.pp +To effect a temporary escape to the shell, the escape +.(l +~!command +.)l +is used, which executes +.i command +and returns you to mailing mode without altering the text of +your message. If you wish, instead, to filter the body of your +message through a shell command, then you can use +.(l +~|command +.)l +which pipes your message through the command and uses the output +as the new text of your message. If the command produces no output, +.i Mail +assumes that something is amiss and retains the old version +of your message. A frequently-used filter is the command +.i fmt , +designed to format outgoing mail. +.pp +To effect a temporary escape to +.i Mail +command mode instead, you can use the +.(l +~:\fIMail command\fP +.)l +escape. This is especially useful for retyping the message you are +replying to, using, for example: +.(l +~:t +.)l +It is also useful for setting options and modifying aliases. +.pp +If you wish abort the current message, you can use the escape +.(l +~q +.)l +This will terminate the current message and return you to the +shell (or \fIMail\fP if you were using the \fBmail\fP command). +If the \fBsave\fP option is set, the message will be copied +to the file +.q dead.letter +in your home directory. +.pp +If you wish (for some reason) to send a message that contains +a line beginning with a tilde, you must double it. Thus, for example, +.(l +~~This line begins with a tilde. +.)l +sends the line +.(l +~This line begins with a tilde. +.)l +.pp +Finally, the escape +.(l +~? +.)l +prints out a brief summary of the available tilde escapes. +.pp +On some terminals (particularly ones with no lower case) +tilde's are difficult to type. +.i Mail +allows you to change the escape character with the +.q escape +option. For example, I set +.(l +set escape=] +.)l +and use a right bracket instead of a tilde. If I ever need to +send a line beginning with right bracket, I double it, just as for ~. +Changing the escape character removes the special meaning of ~. +.sh 2 "Network access" +.pp +This section describes how to send mail to people on other machines. +Recall that sending to a plain login name sends mail to that person +on your machine. If your machine is directly (or sometimes, even, +indirectly) connected to the Arpanet, you can send messages to people +on the Arpanet using a name of the form +.(l +name@host.domain +.)l +where +.i name +is the login name of the person you're trying to reach, +.i host +is the name of the machine on the Arpanet, +and +.i domain +is the higher-level scope within which the hostname is known, e.g. EDU (for educational +institutions), COM (for commercial entities), GOV (for governmental agencies), +ARPA for many other things, BITNET or CSNET for those networks. +.pp +If your recipient logs in on a machine connected to yours by +UUCP (the Bell Laboratories supplied network that communicates +over telephone lines), sending mail can be a bit more complicated. +You must know the list of machines through which your message must +travel to arrive at his site. So, if his machine is directly connected +to yours, you can send mail to him using the syntax: +.(l +host!name +.)l +where, again, +.i host +is the name of the machine and +.i name +is the login name. +If your message must go through an intermediary machine first, you +must use the syntax: +.(l +intermediary!host!name +.)l +and so on. It is actually a feature of UUCP that the map of all +the systems in the network is not known anywhere (except where people +decide to write it down for convenience). Talk to your system administrator +about good ways to get places; the +.i uuname +command will tell you systems whose names are recognized, but not which +ones are frequently called or well-connected. +.pp +When you use the +.b reply +command to respond to a letter, there is a problem of figuring out the +names of the users in the +.q "To:" +and +.q "Cc:" +lists +.i "relative to the current machine" . +If the original letter was sent to you by someone on the local machine, +then this problem does not exist, but if the message came from a remote +machine, the problem must be dealt with. +.i Mail +uses a heuristic to build the correct name for each user relative +to the local machine. So, when you +.b reply +to remote mail, the names in the +.q "To:" +and +.q "Cc:" +lists may change somewhat. +.sh 2 "Special recipients" +.pp +As described previously, you can send mail to either user names or +.b alias +names. It is also possible to send messages directly to files or to +programs, using special conventions. If a recipient name has a +`/' in it or begins with a `+', it is assumed to be the +path name of a file into which +to send the message. If the file already exists, the message is +appended to the end of the file. If you want to name a file in +your current directory (ie, one for which a `/' would not usually +be needed) you can precede the name with `./' +So, to send mail to the file +.q memo +in the current directory, you can give the command: +.(l +% Mail ./memo +.)l +If the name begins with a `+,' it is expanded into the full path name +of the folder name in your folder directory. +This ability to send mail to files can be used for a variety of +purposes, such as maintaining a journal and keeping a record of +mail sent to a certain group of users. The second example can be +done automatically by including the full pathname of the record +file in the +.b alias +command for the group. Using our previous +.b alias +example, you might give the command: +.(l +alias project sam sally steve susan /usr/project/mail_record +.)l +Then, all mail sent to "project" would be saved on the file +.q /usr/project/mail_record +as well as being sent to the members of the project. This file +can be examined using +.i "Mail \-f" . +.pp +It is sometimes useful to send mail directly to a program, for +example one might write a project billboard program and want to access +it using +.i Mail . +To send messages to the billboard program, one can send mail +to the special name `|billboard' for example. +.i Mail +treats recipient names that begin with a `|' as a program to send +the mail to. An +.b alias +can be set up to reference a `|' prefaced name if desired. +.i Caveats : +the shell treats `|' specially, so it must be quoted on the command +line. Also, the `| program' must be presented as a single argument to +mail. The safest course is to surround the entire name with double +quotes. This also applies to usage in the +.b alias +command. For example, if we wanted to alias `rmsgs' to `rmsgs \-s' +we would need to say: +.(l +alias rmsgs "| rmsgs -s" +.)l |