-.\" $Id: mandoc.1,v 1.12 2009/04/02 16:42:35 kristaps Exp $
+.\" $Id: mandoc.1,v 1.106 2014/08/08 01:50:59 schwarze Exp $
.\"
-.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@openbsd.org>
+.\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
+.\" Copyright (c) 2012, 2014 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
.\"
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
-.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the
-.\" above copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all
-.\" copies.
+.\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
+.\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
.\"
-.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL
-.\" WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED
-.\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
-.\" AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
-.\" DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
-.\" PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
-.\" TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
-.\" PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
+.\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
+.\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
+.\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
+.\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
+.\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
+.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
+.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
.\"
-.Dd $Mdocdate: April 2 2009 $
-.Dt mandoc 1
+.Dd $Mdocdate: August 8 2014 $
+.Dt MANDOC 1
.Os
-.\" SECTION
.Sh NAME
.Nm mandoc
.Nd format and display UNIX manuals
-.\" SECTION
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm mandoc
.Op Fl V
-.Op Fl f Ns Ar option...
+.Sm off
+.Op Fl I Cm os Li = Ar name
+.Sm on
.Op Fl m Ns Ar format
-.Op Fl W Ns Ar err...
+.Op Fl O Ns Ar option
.Op Fl T Ns Ar output
-.Op Ar infile...
-.\" SECTION
+.Op Fl W Ns Ar level
+.Op Ar
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
-utility formats
+utility formats
.Ux
-manual pages for display. The arguments are as follows:
-.Bl -tag -width XXXXXXXXXXXX
-.\" ITEM
-.It Fl f Ns Ar option...
-Override default compiler behaviour. See
-.Sx Compiler Options
-for details.
-.\" ITEM
-.It Fl m
-Input format. See
-.Sx Input Formats
-for available formats. Defaults to
-.Fl m Ns Ar andoc .
-.\" ITEM
-.It Fl T
-Output format. See
-.Sx Output Formats
-for available formats. Defaults to
-.Fl T Ns Ar ascii .
-.\" ITEM
-.It Fl V
-Print version and exit.
-.\" ITEM
-.It Fl W Ns Ar err...
-Print warning messages. May be set to
-.Fl W Ns Ar all
-for all warnings,
-.Ar compat
-for groff/troff-compatibility warnings, or
-.Ar syntax
-for syntax warnings. If
-.Fl W Ns Ar error
-is specified, warnings are considered errors and cause utility
-termination. Multiple
-.Fl W
-arguments may be comma-separated, such as
-.Fl W Ns Ar error,all .
-.\" ITEM
-.It Ar infile...
-Read input from zero or more
-.Ar infile .
-If unspecified, reads from stdin. If multiple files are specified,
-.Nm
-will halt with the first failed parse.
-.El
-.\" PARAGRAPH
+manual pages for display.
.Pp
-By default,
-.Nm
-reads
+By default,
+.Nm
+reads
.Xr mdoc 7
or
.Xr man 7
text from stdin, implying
-.Fl m Ns Ar andoc ,
-and prints 78-column backspace-encoded output to stdout as if
-.Fl T Ns Ar ascii
-were provided.
-.\" PARAGRAPH
-.Pp
-.Ex -std mandoc
-.\" SUB-SECTION
-.Ss Reserved Words (mdoc only)
-The reserved words described in
+.Fl m Ns Cm andoc ,
+and produces
+.Fl T Ns Cm ascii
+output.
+.Pp
+The arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.Sm off
+.It Fl I Cm os Li = Ar name
+.Sm on
+Override the default operating system
+.Ar name
+for the
.Xr mdoc 7
-are handled according to the following rules:
-.Bl -enum -offset XXX
-.It
-Opening delimiters
-.Po
-.Sq \&( ,
-.Sq \&[ ,
+.Sq \&Os
+macro.
+.It Fl m Ns Ar format
+Input format.
+See
+.Sx Input Formats
+for available formats.
+Defaults to
+.Fl m Ns Cm andoc .
+.It Fl O Ns Ar option
+Comma-separated output options.
+.It Fl T Ns Ar output
+Output format.
+See
+.Sx Output Formats
+for available formats.
+Defaults to
+.Fl T Ns Cm ascii .
+.It Fl V
+Print version and exit.
+.It Fl W Ns Ar level
+Specify the minimum message
+.Ar level
+to be reported on the standard error output and to affect the exit status.
+The
+.Ar level
+can be
+.Cm warning ,
+.Cm error ,
+or
+.Cm fatal .
+The default is
+.Fl W Ns Cm fatal ;
+.Fl W Ns Cm all
+is an alias for
+.Fl W Ns Cm warning .
+See
+.Sx EXIT STATUS
and
-.Sq \&{
-.Pc are not followed by whitespace.
-.It
-Closing delimiters
-.Po
-.Sq \&. ,
-.Sq \&, ,
-.Sq \&; ,
-.Sq \&: ,
-.Sq \&? ,
-.Sq \&! ,
-.Sq \&) ,
-.Sq \&]
+.Sx DIAGNOSTICS
+for details.
+.Pp
+The special option
+.Fl W Ns Cm stop
+tells
+.Nm
+to exit after parsing a file that causes warnings or errors of at least
+the requested level.
+No formatted output will be produced from that file.
+If both a
+.Ar level
and
-.Sq \&}
-.Pc are not preceeded by whitespace.
+.Cm stop
+are requested, they can be joined with a comma, for example
+.Fl W Ns Cm error , Ns Cm stop .
+.It Ar file
+Read input from zero or more files.
+If unspecified, reads from stdin.
+If multiple files are specified,
+.Nm
+will halt with the first failed parse.
.El
-.\" PARAGRAPH
-.Pp
-Note that reserved words only register as such as if they appear as
-standalone tokens, either in parsed lines or streams of text. Thus, the
-following fragment:
-.Bd -literal -offset XXXX
-this self is not that of the waking , empirically real man
-.Ed
-.\" PARAGRAPH
-.Pp
-\&...correctly adjusts the comma spacing to
-.Dq this self is not that of the waking , empirically real man .
-However, if the comma were part of
-.Dq ,empirically ,
-it would not.
-.\" SUB-SECTION
.Ss Input Formats
The
.Nm
and
.Xr man 7
input with
-.Fl m Ns Ar doc
+.Fl m Ns Cm doc
and
-.Fl m Ns Ar an ,
-respectively. The
+.Fl m Ns Cm an ,
+respectively.
+The
.Xr mdoc 7
format is
.Em strongly
-recommended;
+recommended;
.Xr man 7
should only be used for legacy manuals.
.Pp
A third option,
-.Fl m Ns Ar andoc ,
-which is also the default, determines encoding on-the-fly. If multiple
-files are passed in, each has its file-type determined this way. If
-multiple files are passed and
-.Fl m Ns Ar doc
+.Fl m Ns Cm andoc ,
+which is also the default, determines encoding on-the-fly: if the first
+non-comment macro is
+.Sq \&Dd
or
-.Fl m Ns Ar an
-is specified, then this format is used exclusively.
+.Sq \&Dt ,
+the
+.Xr mdoc 7
+parser is used; otherwise, the
+.Xr man 7
+parser is used.
.Pp
-The following escape sequences are recognised, although the per-format
-compiler may not allow certain sequences.
-.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset XXXX
-.It \efX
-sets the font mode to X (B, I, R or P, where P resets the font)
-.It \eX, \e(XX, \e[XN]
-queries the special-character table for a corresponding symbol
-.It \e*X, \e*(XX, \e*[XN]
-deprecated special-character format
-.El
-.\" SUB-SECTION
+If multiple
+files are specified with
+.Fl m Ns Cm andoc ,
+each has its file-type determined this way.
+If multiple files are
+specified and
+.Fl m Ns Cm doc
+or
+.Fl m Ns Cm an
+is specified, then this format is used exclusively.
.Ss Output Formats
The
.Nm
utility accepts the following
.Fl T
-arguments:
-.Bl -tag -width XXXXXXXXXXXX -offset XXXX
-.It Ar ascii
-Produce 7-bit ASCII output, backspace-encoded for bold and underline
-styles. This is the default.
-.It Ar tree
-Produce an indented parse tree.
-.It Ar lint
+arguments, which correspond to output modes:
+.Bl -tag -width "-Tlocale"
+.It Fl T Ns Cm ascii
+Produce 7-bit ASCII output.
+This is the default.
+See
+.Sx ASCII Output .
+.It Fl T Ns Cm html
+Produce strict CSS1/HTML-4.01 output.
+See
+.Sx HTML Output .
+.It Fl T Ns Cm lint
Parse only: produce no output.
+Implies
+.Fl W Ns Cm warning .
+.It Fl T Ns Cm locale
+Encode output using the current locale.
+See
+.Sx Locale Output .
+.It Fl T Ns Cm man
+Produce
+.Xr man 7
+format output.
+See
+.Sx Man Output .
+.It Fl T Ns Cm pdf
+Produce PDF output.
+See
+.Sx PDF Output .
+.It Fl T Ns Cm ps
+Produce PostScript output.
+See
+.Sx PostScript Output .
+.It Fl T Ns Cm tree
+Produce an indented parse tree.
+.It Fl T Ns Cm utf8
+Encode output in the UTF\-8 multi-byte format.
+See
+.Sx UTF\-8 Output .
+.It Fl T Ns Cm xhtml
+Produce strict CSS1/XHTML-1.0 output.
+See
+.Sx XHTML Output .
+.El
+.Pp
+If multiple input files are specified, these will be processed by the
+corresponding filter in-order.
+.Ss ASCII Output
+Output produced by
+.Fl T Ns Cm ascii ,
+which is the default, is rendered in standard 7-bit ASCII documented in
+.Xr ascii 7 .
+.Pp
+Font styles are applied by using back-spaced encoding such that an
+underlined character
+.Sq c
+is rendered as
+.Sq _ Ns \e[bs] Ns c ,
+where
+.Sq \e[bs]
+is the back-space character number 8.
+Emboldened characters are rendered as
+.Sq c Ns \e[bs] Ns c .
+.Pp
+The special characters documented in
+.Xr mandoc_char 7
+are rendered best-effort in an ASCII equivalent.
+If no equivalent is found,
+.Sq \&?
+is used instead.
+.Pp
+Output width is limited to 78 visible columns unless literal input lines
+exceed this limit.
+.Pp
+The following
+.Fl O
+arguments are accepted:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm indent Ns = Ns Ar indent
+The left margin for normal text is set to
+.Ar indent
+blank characters instead of the default of five for
+.Xr mdoc 7
+and seven for
+.Xr man 7 .
+Increasing this is not recommended; it may result in degraded formatting,
+for example overfull lines or ugly line breaks.
+.It Cm width Ns = Ns Ar width
+The output width is set to
+.Ar width ,
+which will normalise to \(>=60.
.El
-.\" SUB-SECTION
-.Ss Compiler Options
-Default compiler behaviour may be overriden with the
-.Fl f
-flag.
-.Bl -tag -width XXXXXXXXXXXXXX -offset XXXX
-.It Fl f Ns Ar ign-scope
-When rewinding the scope of a block macro, forces the compiler to ignore
-scope violations. This can seriously mangle the resulting tree.
-.Pq mdoc only
-.It Fl f Ns Ar ign-escape
-Ignore invalid escape sequences.
-.It Fl f Ns Ar ign-macro
-Ignore unknown macros at the start of input lines (default for
+.Ss HTML Output
+Output produced by
+.Fl T Ns Cm html
+conforms to HTML-4.01 strict.
+.Pp
+The
+.Pa example.style.css
+file documents style-sheet classes available for customising output.
+If a style-sheet is not specified with
+.Fl O Ns Ar style ,
+.Fl T Ns Cm html
+defaults to simple output readable in any graphical or text-based web
+browser.
+.Pp
+Special characters are rendered in decimal-encoded UTF\-8.
+.Pp
+The following
+.Fl O
+arguments are accepted:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm fragment
+Omit the
+.Aq !DOCTYPE
+declaration and the
+.Aq html ,
+.Aq head ,
+and
+.Aq body
+elements and only emit the subtree below the
+.Aq body
+element.
+The
+.Cm style
+argument will be ignored.
+This is useful when embedding manual content within existing documents.
+.It Cm includes Ns = Ns Ar fmt
+The string
+.Ar fmt ,
+for example,
+.Ar ../src/%I.html ,
+is used as a template for linked header files (usually via the
+.Sq \&In
+macro).
+Instances of
+.Sq \&%I
+are replaced with the include filename.
+The default is not to present a
+hyperlink.
+.It Cm man Ns = Ns Ar fmt
+The string
+.Ar fmt ,
+for example,
+.Ar ../html%S/%N.%S.html ,
+is used as a template for linked manuals (usually via the
+.Sq \&Xr
+macro).
+Instances of
+.Sq \&%N
+and
+.Sq %S
+are replaced with the linked manual's name and section, respectively.
+If no section is included, section 1 is assumed.
+The default is not to
+present a hyperlink.
+.It Cm style Ns = Ns Ar style.css
+The file
+.Ar style.css
+is used for an external style-sheet.
+This must be a valid absolute or
+relative URI.
+.El
+.Ss Locale Output
+Locale-depending output encoding is triggered with
+.Fl T Ns Cm locale .
+This option is not available on all systems: systems without locale
+support, or those whose internal representation is not natively UCS-4,
+will fall back to
+.Fl T Ns Cm ascii .
+See
+.Sx ASCII Output
+for font style specification and available command-line arguments.
+.Ss Man Output
+Translate input format into
.Xr man 7
-parsing).
-.It Fl f Ns Ar no-ign-macro
-Do not ignore unknown macros at the start of input lines (default for
+output format.
+This is useful for distributing manual sources to legacy systems
+lacking
+.Xr mdoc 7
+formatters.
+.Pp
+If
.Xr mdoc 7
-parsing).
+is passed as input, it is translated into
+.Xr man 7 .
+If the input format is
+.Xr man 7 ,
+the input is copied to the output, expanding any
+.Xr roff 7
+.Sq so
+requests.
+The parser is also run, and as usual, the
+.Fl W
+level controls which
+.Sx DIAGNOSTICS
+are displayed before copying the input to the output.
+.Ss PDF Output
+PDF-1.1 output may be generated by
+.Fl T Ns Cm pdf .
+See
+.Sx PostScript Output
+for
+.Fl O
+arguments and defaults.
+.Ss PostScript Output
+PostScript
+.Qq Adobe-3.0
+Level-2 pages may be generated by
+.Fl T Ns Cm ps .
+Output pages default to letter sized and are rendered in the Times font
+family, 11-point.
+Margins are calculated as 1/9 the page length and width.
+Line-height is 1.4m.
+.Pp
+Special characters are rendered as in
+.Sx ASCII Output .
+.Pp
+The following
+.Fl O
+arguments are accepted:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds
+.It Cm paper Ns = Ns Ar name
+The paper size
+.Ar name
+may be one of
+.Ar a3 ,
+.Ar a4 ,
+.Ar a5 ,
+.Ar legal ,
+or
+.Ar letter .
+You may also manually specify dimensions as
+.Ar NNxNN ,
+width by height in millimetres.
+If an unknown value is encountered,
+.Ar letter
+is used.
.El
-.\" PARAGRAPH
+.Ss UTF\-8 Output
+Use
+.Fl T Ns Cm utf8
+to force a UTF\-8 locale.
+See
+.Sx Locale Output
+for details and options.
+.Ss XHTML Output
+Output produced by
+.Fl T Ns Cm xhtml
+conforms to XHTML-1.0 strict.
.Pp
-As with the
+See
+.Sx HTML Output
+for details; beyond generating XHTML tags instead of HTML tags, these
+output modes are identical.
+.Sh EXIT STATUS
+The
+.Nm
+utility exits with one of the following values, controlled by the message
+.Ar level
+associated with the
.Fl W
-flag, multiple
-.Fl f
-options may be grouped and delimited with a comma. Using
-.Fl f Ns Ar ign-scope,ign-escape ,
-for example, will try to ignore scope and character-escape errors.
-.\" SECTION
+option:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width Ds -compact
+.It 0
+No warnings or errors occurred, or those that did were ignored because
+they were lower than the requested
+.Ar level .
+.It 2
+At least one warning occurred, but no error, and
+.Fl W Ns Cm warning
+was specified.
+.It 3
+At least one parsing error occurred, but no fatal error, and
+.Fl W Ns Cm error
+or
+.Fl W Ns Cm warning
+was specified.
+.It 4
+A fatal parsing error occurred.
+.It 5
+Invalid command line arguments were specified.
+No input files have been read.
+.It 6
+An operating system error occurred, for example memory exhaustion or an
+error accessing input files.
+Such errors cause
+.Nm
+to exit at once, possibly in the middle of parsing or formatting a file.
+.El
+.Pp
+Note that selecting
+.Fl T Ns Cm lint
+output mode implies
+.Fl W Ns Cm warning .
.Sh EXAMPLES
-To page this manual page on the terminal:
-.\" PARAGRAPH
+To page manuals to the terminal:
.Pp
-.D1 % mandoc \-Wall,error mandoc.1 2>&1 | less
-.\" SECTION
-.Sh SEE ALSO
-.Xr mdoc 7 ,
+.Dl $ mandoc \-Wall,stop mandoc.1 2\*(Gt&1 | less
+.Dl $ mandoc mandoc.1 mdoc.3 mdoc.7 | less
+.Pp
+To produce HTML manuals with
+.Ar style.css
+as the style-sheet:
+.Pp
+.Dl $ mandoc \-Thtml -Ostyle=style.css mdoc.7 \*(Gt mdoc.7.html
+.Pp
+To check over a large set of manuals:
+.Pp
+.Dl $ mandoc \-Tlint `find /usr/src -name \e*\e.[1-9]`
+.Pp
+To produce a series of PostScript manuals for A4 paper:
+.Pp
+.Dl $ mandoc \-Tps \-Opaper=a4 mdoc.7 man.7 \*(Gt manuals.ps
+.Pp
+Convert a modern
+.Xr mdoc 7
+manual to the older
.Xr man 7
-.\"
-.Sh AUTHORS
-The
-.Nm
-utility was written by
-.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@openbsd.org .
-.\" SECTION
-.Sh CAVEATS
-The
+format, for use on systems lacking an
+.Xr mdoc 7
+parser:
+.Pp
+.Dl $ mandoc \-Tman foo.mdoc \*(Gt foo.man
+.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
+Messages displayed by
.Nm
-utility in
-.Fl T Ns Ar ascii
-mode doesn't yet know how to display the following:
+follow this format:
.Pp
-.Bl -bullet -compact
-.It
-The \-hang
-.Sq \&.Bl
-list is not yet supported.
-.El
+.D1 Nm Ns : Ar file : Ns Ar line : Ns Ar column : level : message : macro args
.Pp
-Other macros still aren't supported by virtue of nobody complaining
-about their absence. Please report any omissions: this is a work in
-progress.
+Line and column numbers start at 1.
+Both are omitted for messages referring to an input file as a whole.
+Macro names and arguments are omitted where meaningless.
+Fatal messages about invalid command line arguments
+or operating system errors, for example when memory is exhausted,
+may also omit the
+.Ar file
+and
+.Ar level
+fields.
.Pp
-The following list documents differences between traditional
-.Xr nroff 1
-output and
-.Nm :
+Message levels have the following meanings:
+.Bl -tag -width "warning"
+.It Cm syserr
+Opening or reading an input file failed, so the parser cannot
+even be started and no output is produced from that input file.
+.It Cm fatal
+The parser is unable to parse a given input file at all.
+No formatted output is produced from that input file.
+.It Cm error
+An input file contains syntax that cannot be safely interpreted,
+either because it is invalid or because
+.Nm
+does not implement it yet.
+By discarding part of the input or inserting missing tokens,
+the parser is able to continue, and the error does not prevent
+generation of formatted output, but typically, preparing that
+output involves information loss, broken document structure
+or unintended formatting.
+.It Cm warning
+An input file uses obsolete, discouraged or non-portable syntax.
+All the same, the meaning of the input is unambiguous and a correct
+rendering can be produced.
+Documents causing warnings may render poorly when using other
+formatting tools instead of
+.Nm .
+.El
.Pp
+Messages of the
+.Cm warning
+and
+.Cm error
+levels are hidden unless their level, or a lower level, is requested using a
+.Fl W
+option or
+.Fl T Ns Cm lint
+output mode.
+.Ss Warnings related to the document prologue
+.Bl -ohang
+.It Sy "missing manual title, using UNTITLED"
+.Pq mdoc
+A
+.Ic \&Dt
+macro has no arguments, or there is no
+.Ic \&Dt
+macro before the first non-prologue macro.
+.It Sy "missing manual title, using \(dq\(dq"
+.Pq man
+There is no
+.Ic \&TH
+macro, or it has no arguments.
+.It Sy "lower case character in document title"
+.Pq mdoc , man
+The title is still used as given in the
+.Ic \&Dt
+or
+.Ic \&TH
+macro.
+.It Sy "missing manual section, using \(dq\(dq"
+.Pq mdoc , man
+A
+.Ic \&Dt
+or
+.Ic \&TH
+macro lacks the mandatory section argument.
+.It Sy "unknown manual section"
+.Pq mdoc
+The section number in a
+.Ic \&Dt
+line is invalid, but still used.
+.It Sy "unknown manual volume or arch"
+.Pq mdoc
+The volume name in a
+.Ic \&Dt
+line is invalid, but still used.
+The manual is assumed to be architecture-independent.
+.It Sy "missing date, using today's date"
+.Pq mdoc, man
+The document was parsed as
+.Xr mdoc 7
+and it has no
+.Ic \&Dd
+macro, or the
+.Ic \&Dd
+macro has no arguments or only empty arguments;
+or the document was parsed as
+.Xr man 7
+and it has no
+.Ic \&TH
+macro, or the
+.Ic \&TH
+macro has less than three arguments or its third argument is empty.
+.It Sy "cannot parse date, using it verbatim"
+.Pq mdoc , man
+The date given in a
+.Ic \&Dd
+or
+.Ic \&TH
+macro does not follow the conventional format.
+.It Sy "missing Os macro, using \(dq\(dq"
+.Pq mdoc
+The default or current system is not shown in this case.
+.It Sy "duplicate prologue macro"
+.Pq mdoc
+One of the prologue macros occurs more than once.
+The last instance overrides all previous ones.
+.It Sy "late prologue macro"
+.Pq mdoc
+A
+.Ic \&Dd
+or
+.Ic \&Os
+macro occurs after some non-prologue macro, but still takes effect.
+.It Sy "skipping late title macro"
+.Pq mdoc
+The
+.Ic \&Dt
+macro can only occur before the first non-prologue macro
+because traditional formatters write the page header
+before parsing the document body.
+Even though this technical restriction does not apply to
+.Nm ,
+traditional semantics is preserved.
+The late macro is discarded including its arguments.
+.It Sy "prologue macros out of order"
+.Pq mdoc
+The prologue macros are not given in the conventional order
+.Ic \&Dd ,
+.Ic \&Dt ,
+.Ic \&Os .
+All three macros are used even when given in another order.
+.El
+.Ss Warnings regarding document structure
+.Bl -ohang
+.It Sy ".so is fragile, better use ln(1)"
+.Pq roff
+Including files only works when the parser program runs with the correct
+current working directory.
+.It Sy "no document body"
+.Pq mdoc , man
+The document body contains neither text nor macros.
+An empty document is shown, consisting only of a header and a footer line.
+.It Sy "content before first section header"
+.Pq mdoc , man
+Some macros or text precede the first
+.Ic \&Sh
+or
+.Ic \&SH
+section header.
+The offending macros and text are parsed and added to the top level
+of the syntax tree, outside any section block.
+.It Sy "first section is not NAME"
+.Pq mdoc
+The argument of the first
+.Ic \&Sh
+macro is not
+.Sq NAME .
+This may confuse
+.Xr makewhatis 8
+and
+.Xr apropos 1 .
+.It Sy "bad NAME section contents"
+.Pq mdoc
+The last node in the NAME section is not an
+.Ic \&Nd
+macro, or any preceding macro is not
+.Ic \&Nm ,
+or the NAME section is completely empty.
+This may confuse
+.Xr makewhatis 8
+and
+.Xr apropos 1 .
+.It Sy "sections out of conventional order"
+.Pq mdoc
+A standard section occurs after another section it usually precedes.
+All section titles are used as given,
+and the order of sections is not changed.
+.It Sy "duplicate section title"
+.Pq mdoc
+The same standard section title occurs more than once.
+.It Sy "unexpected section"
+.Pq mdoc
+A standard section header occurs in a section of the manual
+where it normally isn't useful.
+.El
+.Ss "Warnings related to macros and nesting"
+.Bl -ohang
+.It Sy "obsolete macro"
+.Pq mdoc
+See the
+.Xr mdoc 7
+manual for replacements.
+.It Sy "skipping paragraph macro"
+In
+.Xr mdoc 7
+documents, this happens
+.Bl -dash -compact
+.It
+at the beginning and end of sections and subsections
+.It
+right before non-compact lists and displays
+.It
+at the end of items in non-column, non-compact lists
+.It
+and for multiple consecutive paragraph macros.
+.El
+In
+.Xr man 7
+documents, it happens
+.Bl -dash -compact
+.It
+for empty
+.Ic \&P ,
+.Ic \&PP ,
+and
+.Ic \&LP
+macros
+.It
+for
+.Ic \&IP
+macros having neither head nor body arguments
+.It
+for
+.Ic \&br
+or
+.Ic \&sp
+right after
+.Ic \&SH
+or
+.Ic \&SS
+.El
+.It Sy "moving paragraph macro out of list"
+.Pq mdoc
+A list item in a
+.Ic \&Bl
+list contains a trailing paragraph macro.
+The paragraph macro is moved after the end of the list.
+.It Sy "skipping no-space macro"
+.Pq mdoc
+An input line begins with an
+.Ic \&Ns
+macro.
+The macro is ignored.
+.It Sy "blocks badly nested"
+.Pq mdoc
+If two blocks intersect, one should completely contain the other.
+Otherwise, rendered output is likely to look strange in any output
+format, and rendering in SGML-based output formats is likely to be
+outright wrong because such languages do not support badly nested
+blocks at all.
+Typical examples of badly nested blocks are
+.Qq Ic \&Ao \&Bo \&Ac \&Bc
+and
+.Qq Ic \&Ao \&Bq \&Ac .
+In these examples,
+.Ic \&Ac
+breaks
+.Ic \&Bo
+and
+.Ic \&Bq ,
+respectively.
+.It Sy "nested displays are not portable"
+.Pq mdoc
+A
+.Ic \&Bd ,
+.Ic \&D1 ,
+or
+.Ic \&Dl
+display occurs nested inside another
+.Ic \&Bd
+display.
+This works with
+.Nm ,
+but fails with most other implementations.
+.It Sy "moving content out of list"
+.Pq mdoc
+A
+.Ic \&Bl
+list block contains text or macros before the first
+.Ic \&It
+macro.
+The offending children are moved before the beginning of the list.
+.It Sy ".Vt block has child macro"
+.Pq mdoc
+The
+.Ic \&Vt
+macro supports plain text arguments only.
+Formatting may be ugly and semantic searching
+for the affected content might not work.
+.It Sy "fill mode already enabled, skipping"
+.Pq man
+A
+.Ic \&fi
+request occurs even though the document is still in fill mode,
+or already switched back to fill mode.
+It has no effect.
+.It Sy "fill mode already disabled, skipping"
+.Pq man
+An
+.Ic \&nf
+request occurs even though the document already switched to no-fill mode
+and did not switch back to fill mode yet.
+It has no effect.
+.It Sy "line scope broken"
+.Pq man
+While parsing the next-line scope of the previous macro,
+another macro is found that prematurely terminates the previous one.
+The previous, interrupted macro is deleted from the parse tree.
+.El
+.Ss "Warnings related to missing arguments"
+.Bl -ohang
+.It Sy "skipping empty request"
+.Pq roff
+The macro name is missing from a macro definition request.
+.It Sy "conditional request controls empty scope"
+.Pq roff
+A conditional request is only useful if any of the following
+follows it on the same logical input line:
+.Bl -dash -compact
+.It
+The
+.Sq \e{
+keyword to open a multi-line scope.
+.It
+A request or macro or some text, resulting in a single-line scope.
+.It
+The immediate end of the logical line without any intervening whitespace,
+resulting in next-line scope.
+.El
+Here, a conditional request is followed by trailing whitespace only,
+and there is no other content on its logical input line.
+Note that it doesn't matter whether the logical input line is split
+across multiple physical input lines using
+.Sq \e
+line continuation characters.
+This is one of the rare cases
+where trailing whitespace is syntactically significant.
+The conditional request controls a scope containing whitespace only,
+so it is unlikely to have a significant effect,
+except that it may control a following
+.Ic \&el
+clause.
+.It Sy "skipping empty macro"
+.Pq mdoc
+The indicated macro has no arguments and hence no effect.
+.It Sy "empty argument, using 0n"
+.Pq mdoc
+The required width is missing after
+.Ic \&Bd
+or
+.Ic \&Bl
+.Fl offset
+or
+.Fl width.
+.It Sy "argument count wrong"
+.Pq mdoc , man
+The indicated macro has too few or too many arguments.
+The syntax tree will contain the wrong number of arguments as given.
+Formatting behaviour depends on the specific macro in question.
+Note that the same message may also occur as an ERROR, see below.
+.It Sy "missing display type, using -ragged"
+.Pq mdoc
+The
+.Ic \&Bd
+macro is invoked without the required display type.
+.It Sy "list type is not the first argument"
+.Pq mdoc
+In a
+.Ic \&Bl
+macro, at least one other argument precedes the type argument.
+The
+.Nm
+utility copes with any argument order, but some other
+.Xr mdoc 7
+implementations do not.
+.It Sy "missing -width in -tag list, using 8n"
+.Pq mdoc
+Every
+.Ic \&Bl
+macro having the
+.Fl tag
+argument requires
+.Fl width ,
+too.
+.It Sy "missing utility name, using \(dq\(dq"
+.Pq mdoc
+The
+.Ic \&Ex Fl std
+macro is called without an argument before
+.Ic \&Nm
+has first been called with an argument.
+.It Sy "empty head in list item"
+.Pq mdoc
+In a
+.Ic \&Bl
+.Fl diag ,
+.Fl hang ,
+.Fl inset ,
+.Fl ohang ,
+or
+.Fl tag
+list, an
+.Ic \&It
+macro lacks the required argument.
+The item head is left empty.
+.It Sy "empty list item"
+.Pq mdoc
+In a
+.Ic \&Bl
+.Fl bullet ,
+.Fl dash ,
+.Fl enum ,
+or
+.Fl hyphen
+list, an
+.Ic \&It
+block is empty.
+An empty list item is shown.
+.It Sy "missing font type"
+.Pq mdoc
+A
+.Ic \&Bf
+macro has no argument.
+It switches to the default font,
+.Cm \efR .
+.It Sy "unknown font type"
+.Pq mdoc
+The
+.Ic \&Bf
+argument is invalid.
+The default font
+.Cm \efR
+is used instead.
+.It Sy "missing -std argument, adding it"
+.Pq mdoc
+An
+.Ic \&Ex
+or
+.Ic \&Rv
+macro lacks the required
+.Fl std
+argument.
+The
+.Nm
+utility assumes
+.Fl std
+even when it is not specified, but other implementations may not.
+.El
+.Ss "Warnings related to bad macro arguments"
+.Bl -ohang
+.It Sy "unterminated quoted argument"
+.Pq roff
+Macro arguments can be enclosed in double quote characters
+such that space characters and macro names contained in the quoted
+argument need not be escaped.
+The closing quote of the last argument of a macro can be omitted.
+However, omitting it is not recommended because it makes the code
+harder to read.
+.It Sy "duplicate argument"
+.Pq mdoc
+A
+.Ic \&Bd
+or
+.Ic \&Bl
+macro has more than one
+.Fl compact ,
+more than one
+.Fl offset ,
+or more than one
+.Fl width
+argument.
+All but the last instances of these arguments are ignored.
+.It Sy "skipping duplicate argument"
+.Pq mdoc
+An
+.Ic \&An
+macro has more than one
+.Fl split
+or
+.Fl nosplit
+argument.
+All but the first of these arguments are ignored.
+.It Sy "skipping duplicate display type"
+.Pq mdoc
+A
+.Ic \&Bd
+macro has more than one type argument; the first one is used.
+.It Sy "skipping duplicate list type"
+.Pq mdoc
+A
+.Ic \&Bl
+macro has more than one type argument; the first one is used.
+.It Sy "skipping -width argument"
+.Pq mdoc
+A
+.Ic \&Bl
+.Fl column ,
+.Fl diag ,
+.Fl ohang ,
+.Fl inset ,
+or
+.Fl item
+list has a
+.Fl width
+argument.
+That has no effect.
+.It Sy "unknown AT&T UNIX version"
+.Pq mdoc
+An
+.Ic \&At
+macro has an invalid argument.
+It is used verbatim, with
+.Qq "AT&T UNIX "
+prefixed to it.
+.It Sy "invalid content in Rs block"
+.Pq mdoc
+An
+.Ic \&Rs
+block contains plain text or non-% macros.
+The bogus content is left in the syntax tree.
+Formatting may be poor.
+.It Sy "invalid Boolean argument"
+.Pq mdoc
+An
+.Ic \&Sm
+macro has an argument other than
+.Cm on
+or
+.Cm off .
+The invalid argument is moved out of the macro, which leaves the macro
+empty, causing it to toggle the spacing mode.
+.It Sy "unknown font, skipping request"
+.Pq man
+A
+.Xr roff 7
+.Ic \&ft
+request has an invalid argument.
+.El
+.Ss "Warnings related to plain text"
+.Bl -ohang
+.It Sy "blank line in fill mode, using .sp"
+.Pq mdoc
+The meaning of blank input lines is only well-defined in non-fill mode:
+In fill mode, line breaks of text input lines are not supposed to be
+significant.
+However, for compatibility with groff, blank lines in fill mode
+are replaced with
+.Ic \&sp
+requests.
+.It Sy "tab in filled text"
+.Pq mdoc , man
+The meaning of tab characters is only well-defined in non-fill mode:
+In fill mode, whitespace is not supposed to be significant
+on text input lines.
+As an implementation dependent choice, tab characters on text lines
+are passed through to the formatters in any case.
+Given that the text before the tab character will be filled,
+it is hard to predict which tab stop position the tab will advance to.
+.It Sy "whitespace at end of input line"
+.Pq mdoc , man , roff
+Whitespace at the end of input lines is almost never semantically
+significant \(em but in the odd case where it might be, it is
+extremely confusing when reviewing and maintaining documents.
+.It Sy "bad comment style"
+.Pq roff
+Comment lines start with a dot, a backslash, and a double-quote character.
+The
+.Nm
+utility treats the line as a comment line even without the backslash,
+but leaving out the backslash might not be portable.
+.It Sy "invalid escape sequence"
+.Pq roff
+An escape sequence has an invalid opening argument delimiter, lacks the
+closing argument delimiter, or the argument has too few characters.
+If the argument is incomplete,
+.Ic \e*
+and
+.Ic \en
+expand to an empty string,
+.Ic \eB
+to the digit
+.Sq 0 ,
+and
+.Ic \ew
+to the length of the incomplete argument.
+All other invalid escape sequences are ignored.
+.It Sy "undefined string, using \(dq\(dq"
+.Pq roff
+If a string is used without being defined before,
+its value is implicitly set to the empty string.
+However, defining strings explicitly before use
+keeps the code more readable.
+.El
+.Ss "Errors related to equations"
+.Bl -inset -compact
+.It "unexpected equation scope closure"
+.It "equation scope open on exit"
+.It "overlapping equation scopes"
+.It "unexpected end of equation"
+.It "equation syntax error"
+.El
+.Ss "Errors related to tables"
+.Bl -inset -compact
+.It "bad table syntax"
+.It "bad table option"
+.It "bad table layout"
+.It "no table layout cells specified"
+.It "no table data cells specified"
+.It "ignore data in cell"
+.It "data block still open"
+.It "ignoring extra data cells"
+.El
+.Ss "Errors related to roff, mdoc, and man code"
+.Bl -ohang
+.It Sy "input stack limit exceeded, infinite loop?"
+.Pq roff
+Explicit recursion limits are implemented for the following features,
+in order to prevent infinite loops:
+.Bl -dash -compact
+.It
+expansion of nested escape sequences
+including expansion of strings and number registers,
+.It
+expansion of nested user-defined macros,
+.It
+and
+.Ic \&so
+file inclusion.
+.El
+When a limit is hit, the output is incorrect, typically losing
+some content, but the parser can continue.
+.It Sy "skipping bad character"
+.Pq mdoc , man , roff
+The input file contains a byte that is not a printable
+.Xr ascii 7
+character.
+The message mentions the character number.
+The offending byte is replaced with a question mark
+.Pq Sq \&? .
+Consider editing the input file to replace the byte with an ASCII
+transliteration of the intended character.
+.It Sy "skipping unknown macro"
+.Pq mdoc , man , roff
+The first identifier on a request or macro line is neither recognized as a
+.Xr roff 7
+request, nor as a user-defined macro, nor, respectively, as an
+.Xr mdoc 7
+or
+.Xr man 7
+macro.
+It may be mistyped or unsupported.
+The request or macro is discarded including its arguments.
+.It Sy "skipping item outside list"
+.Pq mdoc
+An
+.Ic \&It
+macro occurs outside any
+.Ic \&Bl
+list.
+It is discarded including its arguments.
+.It Sy "skipping column outside column list"
+.Pq mdoc
+A
+.Ic \&Ta
+macro occurs outside any
+.Ic \&Bl Fl column
+block.
+It is discarded including its arguments.
+.It Sy "skipping end of block that is not open"
+.Pq mdoc , man , eqn , tbl , roff
+Various syntax elements can only be used to explicitly close blocks
+that have previously been opened.
+An
+.Xr mdoc 7
+block closing macro, a
+.Xr man 7
+.Ic \&RE
+or
+.Ic \&UE
+macro, or the end of an equation, table, or
+.Xr roff 7
+conditional request is encountered but no matching block is open.
+The offending request or macro is discarded.
+.It Sy "inserting missing end of block"
+.Pq mdoc , tbl
+Various
+.Xr mdoc 7
+macros as well as tables require explicit closing by dedicated macros.
+A block that doesn't support bad nesting
+ends before all of its children are properly closed.
+The open child nodes are closed implicitly.
+.It Sy "scope open on exit"
+.Pq mdoc , man , eqn , tbl , roff
+At the end of the document, an explicit
+.Xr mdoc 7
+block, a
+.Xr man 7
+next-line scope or
+.Ic \&RS
+or
+.Ic \&UR
+block, an equation, table, or
+.Xr roff 7
+conditional or ignore block is still open.
+The open block is closed implicitly.
+.It Sy "escaped character not allowed in a name"
+.Pq roff
+Macro, string and register identifiers consist of printable,
+non-whitespace ASCII characters.
+Escape sequences and characters and strings expressed in terms of them
+cannot form part of a name.
+The first argument of an
+.Ic \&am ,
+.Ic \&as ,
+.Ic \&de ,
+.Ic \&ds ,
+.Ic \&nr ,
+or
+.Ic \&rr
+request, or any argument of an
+.Ic \&rm
+request, or the name of a request or user defined macro being called,
+is terminated by an escape sequence.
+In the cases of
+.Ic \&as ,
+.Ic \&ds ,
+and
+.Ic \&nr ,
+the request has no effect at all.
+In the cases of
+.Ic \&am ,
+.Ic \&de ,
+.Ic \&rr ,
+and
+.Ic \&rm ,
+what was parsed up to this point is used as the arguments to the request,
+and the rest of the input line is discarded including the escape sequence.
+When parsing for a request or a user-defined macro name to be called,
+only the escape sequence is discarded.
+The characters preceding it are used as the request or macro name,
+the characters following it are used as the arguments to the request or macro.
+.It Sy "argument count wrong"
+.Pq mdoc , man , roff
+The indicated request or macro has too few or too many arguments.
+The syntax tree will contain the wrong number of arguments as given.
+Formatting behaviour depends on the specific request or macro in question.
+Note that the same message may also occur as a WARNING, see above.
+.It Sy "missing list type, using -item"
+.Pq mdoc
+A
+.Ic \&Bl
+macro fails to specify the list type.
+.It Sy "missing manual name, using \(dq\(dq"
+.Pq mdoc
+The first call to
+.Ic \&Nm
+lacks the required argument.
+.It Sy "uname(3) system call failed, using UNKNOWN"
+.Pq mdoc
+The
+.Ic \&Os
+macro is called without arguments, and the
+.Xr uname 3
+system call failed.
+As a workaround,
+.Nm
+can be compiled with
+.Sm off
+.Fl D Cm OSNAME=\(dq\e\(dq Ar string Cm \e\(dq\(dq .
+.Sm on
+.It Sy "unknown standard specifier"
+.Pq mdoc
+An
+.Ic \&St
+macro has an unknown argument and is discarded.
+.It Sy "skipping request without numeric argument"
+.Pq roff
+An
+.Ic \&it
+request has a non-numeric or negative argument or no argument at all.
+The invalid request is ignored.
+.It Sy "skipping all arguments"
+.Pq mdoc , man , eqn , roff
+An
+.Xr mdoc 7
+.Ic \&Bt ,
+.Ic \&Ed ,
+.Ic \&Ef ,
+.Ic \&Ek ,
+.Ic \&El ,
+.Ic \&Re ,
+or
+.Ic \&Ud
+macro, an
+.Ic \&It
+macro in a list that don't support item heads, a
+.Xr man 7
+.Ic \&LP ,
+.Ic \&P ,
+or
+.Ic \&PP
+macro, an
+.Xr eqn 7
+.Ic \&EN
+macro, or a
+.Xr roff 7
+.Sq \&..
+block closing request is invoked with at least one argument.
+All arguments are ignored.
+.It Sy "skipping excess arguments"
+.Pq mdoc , roff
+The
+.Ic \&Bf
+macro is invoked with more than one argument, or a request of the
+.Ic \&de
+family is invoked with more than two arguments.
+The excess arguments are ignored.
+.El
+.Ss FATAL errors
+.Bl -ohang
+.It Sy "input too large"
+.Pq mdoc , man
+Currently,
+.Nm
+cannot handle input files larger than its arbitrary size limit
+of 2^31 bytes (2 Gigabytes).
+Since useful manuals are always small, this is not a problem in practice.
+Parsing is aborted as soon as the condition is detected.
+.It Sy "NOT IMPLEMENTED: Bd -file"
+.Pq mdoc
+For security reasons, the
+.Ic \&Bd
+macro does not support the
+.Fl file
+argument.
+By requesting the inclusion of a sensitive file, a malicious document
+might otherwise trick a privileged user into inadvertently displaying
+the file on the screen, revealing the file content to bystanders.
+The parser exits immediately.
+.It Sy "NOT IMPLEMENTED: .so with absolute path or \(dq..\(dq"
+.Pq roff
+For security reasons,
+.Nm
+allows
+.Ic \&so
+file inclusion requests only with relative paths
+and only without ascending to any parent directory.
+By requesting the inclusion of a sensitive file, a malicious document
+might otherwise trick a privileged user into inadvertently displaying
+the file on the screen, revealing the file content to bystanders.
+The parser exits immediately.
+.It Sy ".so request failed"
+.Pq roff
+Servicing a
+.Ic \&so
+request requires reading an external file.
+While trying to do so, an
+.Xr open 2 ,
+.Xr stat 2 ,
+or
+.Xr read 2
+system call failed.
+The parser exits immediately.
+Before showing this message,
+.Nm
+always shows another message explaining why the system call failed.
+.El
+.Sh COMPATIBILITY
+This section summarises
+.Nm
+compatibility with GNU troff.
+Each input and output format is separately noted.
+.Ss ASCII Compatibility
.Bl -bullet -compact
-.It
-A list of display following
-.Sq \&.Ss
+.It
+Unrenderable unicode codepoints specified with
+.Sq \e[uNNNN]
+escapes are printed as
+.Sq \&?
+in mandoc.
+In GNU troff, these raise an error.
+.It
+The
+.Sq \&Bd \-literal
+and
+.Sq \&Bd \-unfilled
+macros of
+.Xr mdoc 7
+in
+.Fl T Ns Cm ascii
+are synonyms, as are \-filled and \-ragged.
+.It
+In historic GNU troff, the
+.Sq \&Pa
+.Xr mdoc 7
+macro does not underline when scoped under an
+.Sq \&It
+in the FILES section.
+This behaves correctly in
+.Nm .
+.It
+A list or display following the
+.Sq \&Ss
+.Xr mdoc 7
+macro in
+.Fl T Ns Cm ascii
does not assert a prior vertical break, just as it doesn't with
-.Sq \&.Sh .
+.Sq \&Sh .
.It
-Special characters don't follow the current font style.
-.\" LIST-ITEM
+The
+.Sq \&na
+.Xr man 7
+macro in
+.Fl T Ns Cm ascii
+has no effect.
.It
-The \-literal and \-unfilled
-.Sq \&.Bd
-displays types are synonyms, as are \-filled and \-ragged.
+Words aren't hyphenated.
+.El
+.Ss HTML/XHTML Compatibility
+.Bl -bullet -compact
+.It
+The
+.Sq \efP
+escape will revert the font to the previous
+.Sq \ef
+escape, not to the last rendered decoration, which is now dictated by
+CSS instead of hard-coded.
+It also will not span past the current scope,
+for the same reason.
+Note that in
+.Sx ASCII Output
+mode, this will work fine.
+.It
+The
+.Xr mdoc 7
+.Sq \&Bl \-hang
+and
+.Sq \&Bl \-tag
+list types render similarly (no break following overreached left-hand
+side) due to the expressive constraints of HTML.
+.It
+The
+.Xr man 7
+.Sq IP
+and
+.Sq TP
+lists render similarly.
.El
+.Sh SEE ALSO
+.Xr eqn 7 ,
+.Xr man 7 ,
+.Xr mandoc_char 7 ,
+.Xr mdoc 7 ,
+.Xr roff 7 ,
+.Xr tbl 7
+.Sh AUTHORS
+The
+.Nm
+utility was written by
+.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
+.Sh CAVEATS
+In
+.Fl T Ns Cm html
+and
+.Fl T Ns Cm xhtml ,
+the maximum size of an element attribute is determined by
+.Dv BUFSIZ ,
+which is usually 1024 bytes.
+Be aware of this when setting long link
+formats such as
+.Fl O Ns Cm style Ns = Ns Ar really/long/link .
+.Pp
+Nesting elements within next-line element scopes of
+.Fl m Ns Cm an ,
+such as
+.Sq br
+within an empty
+.Sq B ,
+will confuse
+.Fl T Ns Cm html
+and
+.Fl T Ns Cm xhtml
+and cause them to forget the formatting of the prior next-line scope.
+.Pp
+The
+.Sq \(aq
+control character is an alias for the standard macro control character
+and does not emit a line-break as stipulated in GNU troff.
git.ckatri.com / mandoc.git / blobdiff