-.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.71 2009/10/31 06:50:25 kristaps Exp $
+.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.86 2010/03/26 07:07:58 kristaps Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@kth.se>
.\"
.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
.\"
-.Dd $Mdocdate: October 31 2009 $
+.Dd $Mdocdate: March 26 2010 $
.Dt MDOC 7
.Os
.
.Ss Text Decoration
Terms may be text-decorated using the
.Sq \ef
-escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), or P and R
-(Roman, or reset). This form is not recommended for
+escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P
+(revert to previous mode):
+.Pp
+.D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP
+.Pp
+A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,
+respectively) may be used instead. A text decoration is valid within
+the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside
+its own scope, such as
+.Sx \&Bf
+.Cm \&Sy ,
+in-scope invocations of
+.Sq \ef
+are only valid within the font scope of the macro. If
+.Sq \ef
+is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form
+text, it will affect the remainder of the document.
+.Pp
+Text may also be sized with the
+.Sq \es
+escape, whose syntax is one of
+.Sq \es+-n
+for one-digit numerals;
+.Sq \es(+-nn
+or
+.Sq \es+-(nn
+for two-digit numerals; and
+.Sq \es[+-N] ,
+.Sq \es+-[N] ,
+.Sq \es'+-N' ,
+or
+.Sq \es+-'N'
+for arbitrary-digit numerals:
+.Pp
+.D1 \es+1bigger\es-1
+.D1 \es[+10]much bigger\es[-10]
+.D1 \es+(10much bigger\es-(10
+.D1 \es+'100'much much bigger\es-'100'
+.Pp
+Note these forms are
+.Em not
+recommended for
.Nm ,
-which encourages semantic, not presentation, annotation.
+which encourages semantic annotation.
.
.
.Ss Predefined Strings
-Historically,
+Historically,
.Xr groff 1
-also defined a set of package-specific
+also defined a set of package-specific
.Dq predefined strings ,
-which, like
+which, like
.Sx Special Characters ,
demark special output characters and strings by way of input codes.
Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk,
.Ss Dates
There are several macros in
.Nm
-that require a date argument. The
-.Em canonical form
-for dates is the American format:
+that require a date argument. The canonical form for dates is the
+American format:
.Pp
.D1 Cm Month Day , Year
.Pp
.Cm Year
value is the full four-digit year.
.Pp
-The
-.Em non-canonical form
-is the same as the canonical form, but without the comma between the
-.Cm Day
-and
-.Cm Year
-field.
+Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates:
.Pp
-Lastly,
-.Em reduced form
-dates range from only a
-.Cm Year
-to the full canonical or non-canonical form.
+.D1 Cm Month , Year
+.D1 Cm Year
.Pp
Some examples of valid dates follow:
.Pp
.D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form
.D1 "2009" Pq reduced form
.D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form
-.D1 "May 20 2009" Pq non-canonical form
.
.Ss Scaling Widths
Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as
.Sx \&Os
macros, is required for every document.
.Pp
-The first section (sections are denoted by
+The first section (sections are denoted by
.Sx \&Sh )
must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
.Sx \&Nm
.Nm
document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. Sections
should be composed as follows:
-.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds
-.It NAME
-Must contain at least one
+.Bl -ohang -offset Ds
+.It Em NAME
+The name(s) and a short description of the documented material. The
+syntax for this as follows:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Nm name0
+\&.Nm name1
+\&.Nm name2
+\&.Nd a short description
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The
.Sx \&Nm
-followed by
+macro(s) must precede the
+.Sx \&Nd
+macro.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Nm
+and
.Sx \&Nd .
-The name needs re-stating since one
-.Nm
-documents can be used for more than one utility or function, such as
-.Xr grep 1
-also being referenced as
-.Xr egrep 1
+.
+.It Em LIBRARY
+The name of the library containing the documented material, which is
+assumed to be a function in a section 2 or 3 manual. The syntax for
+this is as follows:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Lb libarm
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Lb .
+.
+.It Em SYNOPSIS
+Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device
+configuration.
+.Pp
+For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
+generally structured as follows:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Nm foo
+\&.Op Fl v
+\&.Op Fl o Ar file
+\&.Op Ar
+\&.Nm bar
+\&.Op Fl v
+\&.Op Fl o Ar file
+\&.Op Ar
+.Ed
+.Pp
+For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Vt extern const char *global;
+\&.In header.h
+\&.Ft "char *"
+\&.Fn foo "const char *src"
+\&.Ft "char *"
+\&.Fn bar "const char *src"
+.Ed
+.Pp
+And for the third, configurations (section 4):
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q
+\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
+.Em SYNOPSIS .
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Op ,
+.Sx \&Cd ,
+.Sx \&Fn ,
+.Sx \&Ft ,
and
-.Xr fgrep 1 .
-.It LIBRARY
-.It SYNOPSIS
-.It DESCRIPTION
-.It IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
-.It EXIT STATUS
-.It RETURN VALUES
-.It ENVIRONMENT
-.It FILES
-.It EXAMPLES
-.It DIAGNOSTICS
-.It ERRORS
-.It SEE ALSO
-.It STANDARDS
-.It HISTORY
-.It AUTHORS
-.It CAVEATS
-.It BUGS
-.It SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
+.Sx \&Vt .
+.
+.It Em DESCRIPTION
+This expands upon the brief, one-line description in
+.Em NAME .
+It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a
+command), such as:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+The arguments are as follows:
+\&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds
+\&.It Fl v
+Print verbose information.
+\&.El
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
+.
+.It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
+Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. This is useful when
+implementing standard functions that may have side effects or notable
+algorithmic implications.
+.
+.It Em EXIT STATUS
+Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals. This section is
+the dual of
+.Em RETURN VALUES ,
+which is used for functions. Historically, this information was
+described in
+.Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
+a practise that is now discouraged.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Ex .
+.
+.It Em RETURN VALUES
+This section is the dual of
+.Em EXIT STATUS ,
+which is used for commands. It documents the return values of functions
+in sections 2, 3, and 9.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Rv .
+.
+.It Em ENVIRONMENT
+Documents any usages of environment variables, e.g.,
+.Xr environ 7 .
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Ev .
+.
+.It Em FILES
+Documents files used. It's helpful to document both the file and a
+short description of how the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Pa .
+.
+.It Em EXAMPLES
+Example usages. This often contains snippets of well-formed,
+well-tested invocations. Make doubly sure that your examples work
+properly!
+.
+.It Em DIAGNOSTICS
+Documents error conditions. This is most useful in section 4 manuals.
+Historically, this section was used in place of
+.Em EXIT STATUS
+for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
+discouraged.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Bl
+.Fl diag .
+.
+.It Em ERRORS
+Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Er .
+.
+.It Em SEE ALSO
+References other manuals with related topics. This section should exist
+for most manuals. Cross-references should conventionally be ordered
+first by section, then alphabetically.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Xr .
+.
+.It Em STANDARDS
+References any standards implemented or used. If not adhering to any
+standards, the
+.Em HISTORY
+section should be used instead.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&St .
+.
+.It Em HISTORY
+The history of any manual without a
+.Em STANDARDS
+section should be described in this section.
+.
+.It Em AUTHORS
+Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section.
+Authors should generally be noted by both name and an e-mail address.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&An .
+.
+.It Em CAVEATS
+Explanations of common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
+in this section.
+.
+.It Em BUGS
+Extant bugs should be described in this section.
+.
+.It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
+Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
+.
.El
.
.
don't have heads; only one
.Po
.Sx \&It Fl column
-.Pc
+.Pc
has multiple heads.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
.It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes
.It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes
.It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes
.El
+.Pp
+Note that the
+.Sx \&Vt
+macro is a
+.Sx Block partial-implicit
+only when invoked as the first macro
+in a SYNOPSIS section line, else it is
+.Sx In-line .
.
.
.Ss In-line
.It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
.It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0, <3
+.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
.It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
.It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
-.El
+.El
.
.
.Sh REFERENCE
.Ss \&%D
Publication date of an
.Sx \&Rs
-block. This should follow the reduced syntax for
+block. This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax
+described in
.Sx Dates .
-Canonical or non-canonical form is not necessary since publications are
-often referenced only by year, or month and year.
.
.Ss \&%I
Publisher or issuer name of an
.Ed
.
.Ss \&Aq
-Encloses its arguments in angled brackets.
+Encloses its arguments in angled brackets.
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
-\&.At
+\&.At
\&.At V.1
.Ed
.Pp
.Ss \&Bf
.Ss \&Bk
.Ss \&Bl
-.
+.\" Begins a list composed of one or more list entries. A list entry is
+.\" specified by the
+.\" .Sx \&It
+.\" macro, which consists of a head and optional body. By default, a list
+.\" is preceded by a blank line. A list must specify one of the following
+.\" list types:
+.\" .Bl -tag -width 12n
+.\" .It Fl bullet
+.\" A list offset by a bullet. The head of list entries must be empty.
+.\" List entry bodies are justified after the bullet.
+.\" .It Fl column
+.\" A columnated list. The number of columns is specified as arguments to
+.\" the
+.\" .Sx \&Bl
+.\" macro (the deprecated form of following the invocation of
+.\" .Fl column
+.\" is also accepted). Arguments dictate the width of columns specified in
+.\" list entries. List entry bodies must be left empty. Columns specified
+.\" in the list entry head are justified to their position in the sequence
+.\" of columns.
+.\" .It Fl dash
+.\" A list offset by a dash (hyphen). The head of list entries must be
+.\" empty. List entry bodies are justified past the dash.
+.\" .It Fl diag
+.\" Like
+.\" .Fl inset
+.\" lists, but with additional formatting to the head.
+.\" .It Fl enum
+.\" A list offset by a number indicating list entry position. The head of
+.\" list entries must be empty. List entry bodies are justified past the
+.\" enumeration.
+.\" .It Fl hang
+.\" Like
+.\" .Fl tag ,
+.\" but instead of list bodies justifying to the head on the first line,
+.\" they trail the head text.
+.\" .It Fl hyphen
+.\" Synonym for
+.\" .Fl dash .
+.\" .It Fl inset
+.\" Like
+.\" .Fl tag ,
+.\" but list entry bodies aren't justified.
+.\" .It Fl item
+.\" An un-justified list. This produces blocks of text.
+.\" .It Fl ohang
+.\" List bodies are placed on the line following the head.
+.\" .It Fl tag
+.\" A list offset by list entry heads. List entry bodies are justified
+.\" after the head.
+.\" .El
+.\" .Pp
+.\" More...
+.\" .
.Ss \&Bo
Begins a block enclosed by square brackets. Does not have any head
arguments.
.Sx \&Bq .
.
.Ss \&Bq
-Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
+Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
.Pp
.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dd Cm date
.Pp
-The
+The
.Cm date
field may be either
.Ar $\&Mdocdate$ ,
which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by
-.Xr cvs 1
+.Xr cvs 1 ,
or instead a valid canonical date as specified by
.Sx Dates .
+If a date does not conform, the current date is used instead.
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
.Sx \&Dq .
.
.Ss \&Dq
-Encloses its arguments in double quotes.
+Encloses its arguments in double quotes.
.Pp
Examples:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
.Ar hppa64 ,
.Ar i386 ,
.Ar landisk ,
+.Ar loongson ,
.Ar luna88k ,
.Ar mac68k ,
.Ar macppc ,
.Ss \&Fc
.Ss \&Fd
.Ss \&Fl
+Command-line flag. Used when listing arguments to command-line
+utilities. Prints a fixed-width hyphen
+.Sq \-
+before each delimited argument. If no arguments are provided, a hyphen
+is still printed.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Fl a b c
+\&.Fl
+\&.Op Fl o Ns Ar file
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Cm .
+.
.Ss \&Fn
.Ss \&Fo
.Ss \&Fr
.
.Ss \&Va
.Ss \&Vt
+A variable type. This is also used for indicating global variables in the
+SYNOPSIS section, in which case a variable name is also specified. Note that
+it accepts
+.Sx Block partial-implicit
+syntax when invoked as the first macro in the SYNOPSIS section, else it
+accepts ordinary
+.Sx In-line
+syntax.
+.Pp
+Note that this should not be confused with
+.Sx \&Ft ,
+which is used for function return types.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Vt unsigned char
+\&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] ;
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Ft
+and
+.Sx \&Va .
+.
.Ss \&Xc
.Ss \&Xo
.Ss \&Xr
+Link to another manual
+.Pq Qq cross-reference .
+Its calling syntax is
+.Pp
+.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Xr Cm name section
+.Pp
+The
+.Cm name
+and
+.Cm section
+are the name and section of the linked manual. If
+.Cm section
+is followed by non-punctuation, an
+.Sx \&Ns
+is inserted into the token stream. This behaviour is for compatibility
+with
+.Xr groff 1 .
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Xr mandoc 1
+\&.Xr mandoc 1 ;
+\&.Xr mandoc 1 s behaviour
+.Ed
+.
.Ss \&br
.Ss \&sp
.
.Pp
.Bl -dash -compact
.It
+The comment syntax
+.Sq \e."
+is no longer accepted.
+.It
+In
+.Xr groff 1 ,
+the
+.Sx \&Pa
+macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
+certain list types. This irregular behaviour has been discontinued.
+.It
+Historic
+.Xr groff 1
+does not print a dash for empty
+.Sx \&Fl
+arguments. This behaviour has been discontinued.
+.It
+.Xr groff 1
+behaves strangely (even between versions) when specifying
+.Sq \ef
+escapes within line-macro scopes. These aberrations have been
+normalised.
+.It
Negative scaling units are now truncated to zero instead of creating
interesting conditions, such as with
-.Sq \&sp -1i .
+.Sx \&sp
+.Fl 1i .
Furthermore, the
.Sq f
scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit.
behaviour is no longer applicable.
.It
Display types
-.Sx \&Bd Fl center
+.Sx \&Bd
+.Fl center
and
.Fl right
are aliases for
.Qq go orbital
but is a proper delimiter in this implementation.
.It
-.Sx \&It Fl nested
+.Sx \&It
+.Fl nested
is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be
nested and
.Fl enum
git.ckatri.com / mandoc.git / blobdiff