-.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.57 2009/08/20 12:08:40 kristaps Exp $
+.\" $Id: mdoc.7,v 1.84 2010/02/17 19:22:50 kristaps Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2009 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@kth.se>
.\"
.\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
.\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
.\"
-.Dd $Mdocdate: August 20 2009 $
+.Dd $Mdocdate: February 17 2010 $
.Dt MDOC 7
.Os
.
whether in a macro or free-form text line, is ignored to the end of
line. A macro line with only a control character and comment escape,
.Sq \&.\e" ,
-is also ignored.
+is also ignored. Macro lines with only a control charater and optionally
+whitespace are stripped from input.
.
.
.Ss Reserved Characters
Within a macro line, the following characters are reserved:
+.Pp
.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
.It \&.
.Pq period
.Ss Text Decoration
Terms may be text-decorated using the
.Sq \ef
-escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), or P and R
-(Roman, or reset). This form is not recommended for
+escape followed by an indicator: B (bold), I, (italic), R (Roman), or P
+(revert to previous mode):
+.Pp
+.D1 \efBbold\efR \efIitalic\efP
+.Pp
+A numerical representation 3, 2, or 1 (bold, italic, and Roman,
+respectively) may be used instead. A text decoration is valid within
+the current font scope only: if a macro opens a font scope alongside
+its own scope, such as
+.Sx \&Bf
+.Cm \&Sy ,
+in-scope invocations of
+.Sq \ef
+are only valid within the font scope of the macro. If
+.Sq \ef
+is specified outside of any font scope, such as in unenclosed, free-form
+text, it will affect the remainder of the document.
+.Pp
+Text may also be sized with the
+.Sq \es
+escape, whose syntax is one of
+.Sq \es+-n
+for one-digit numerals;
+.Sq \es(+-nn
+or
+.Sq \es+-(nn
+for two-digit numerals; and
+.Sq \es[+-N] ,
+.Sq \es+-[N] ,
+.Sq \es'+-N' ,
+or
+.Sq \es+-'N'
+for arbitrary-digit numerals:
+.Pp
+.D1 \es+1bigger\es-1
+.D1 \es[+10]much bigger\es[-10]
+.D1 \es+(10much bigger\es-(10
+.D1 \es+'100'much much bigger\es-'100'
+.Pp
+Note these forms are
+.Em not
+recommended for
.Nm ,
-which encourages semantic, not presentation, annotation.
+which encourages semantic annotation.
.
.
.Ss Predefined Strings
-Historically,
+Historically,
.Xr groff 1
-also defined a set of package-specific
+also defined a set of package-specific
.Dq predefined strings ,
-which, like
+which, like
.Sx Special Characters ,
demark special output characters and strings by way of input codes.
Predefined strings are escaped with the slash-asterisk,
.Pp
In free-form mode, quotes are regarded as opaque text.
.
+.Ss Dates
+There are several macros in
+.Nm
+that require a date argument. The canonical form for dates is the
+American format:
+.Pp
+.D1 Cm Month Day , Year
+.Pp
+The
+.Cm Day
+value is an optionally zero-padded numeral. The
+.Cm Month
+value is the full month name. The
+.Cm Year
+value is the full four-digit year.
+.Pp
+Reduced form dates are broken-down canonical form dates:
+.Pp
+.D1 Cm Month , Year
+.D1 Cm Year
+.Pp
+Some examples of valid dates follow:
+.Pp
+.D1 "May, 2009" Pq reduced form
+.D1 "2009" Pq reduced form
+.D1 "May 20, 2009" Pq canonical form
+.
+.Ss Scaling Widths
+Many macros support scaled widths for their arguments, such as
+stipulating a two-inch list indentation with the following:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Bl -tag -width 2i
+.Ed
+.
+.Pp
+The syntax for scaled widths is
+.Sq Li [+-]?[0-9]*.[0-9]*[:unit:] ,
+where a decimal must be preceded or proceeded by at least one digit.
+Negative numbers, while accepted, are truncated to zero. The following
+scaling units are accepted:
+.Pp
+.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset indent -compact
+.It c
+centimetre
+.It i
+inch
+.It P
+pica (~1/6 inch)
+.It p
+point (~1/72 inch)
+.It f
+synonym for
+.Sq u
+.It v
+default vertical span
+.It m
+width of rendered
+.Sq m
+.Pq em
+character
+.It n
+width of rendered
+.Sq n
+.Pq en
+character
+.It u
+default horizontal span
+.It M
+mini-em (~1/100 em)
+.El
+.Pp
+Using anything other than
+.Sq m ,
+.Sq n ,
+.Sq u ,
+or
+.Sq v
+is necessarily non-portable across output media. See
+.Sx COMPATIBILITY .
+.
.
.Sh MANUAL STRUCTURE
-Each
+A well-formed
.Nm
-document must begin with a document prologue, containing, in order,
-.Sq \&Dd ,
-.Sq \&Dt ,
+document consists of a document prologue followed by one or more
+sections.
+.Pp
+The prologue, which consists of (in order) the
+.Sx \&Dd ,
+.Sx \&Dt ,
and
-.Sq \&Os ,
-then the NAME section containing at least one
-.Sq \&Nm
+.Sx \&Os
+macros, is required for every document.
+.Pp
+The first section (sections are denoted by
+.Sx \&Sh )
+must be the NAME section, consisting of at least one
+.Sx \&Nm
followed by
-.Sq \&Nd :
+.Sx \&Nd .
+.Pp
+Following that, convention dictates specifying at least the SYNOPSIS and
+DESCRIPTION sections, although this varies between manual sections.
+.Pp
+The following is a well-formed skeleton
+.Nm
+file:
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
\&.Dt mdoc 7
\&.Os
+\&.
\&.Sh NAME
-\&.Nm mdoc
-\&.Nd mdoc language reference
+\&.Nm foo
+\&.Nd a description goes here
+\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2 & 3 only.
+\&.\e\*q .Sh LIBRARY
+\&.
+\&.Sh SYNOPSIS
+\&.Nm foo
+\&.Op Fl options
+\&.Ar
+\&.
+\&.Sh DESCRIPTION
+The
+\&.Nm
+utility processes files ...
+\&.\e\*q .Sh IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
+\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1 & 8 only.
+\&.\e\*q .Sh EXIT STATUS
+\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
+\&.\e\*q .Sh RETURN VALUES
+\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 6, 7, & 8 only.
+\&.\e\*q .Sh ENVIRONMENT
+\&.\e\*q .Sh FILES
+\&.\e\*q .Sh EXAMPLES
+\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 1, 4, 6, 7, & 8 only.
+\&.\e\*q .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
+\&.\e\*q The next is for sections 2, 3, & 9 only.
+\&.\e\*q .Sh ERRORS
+\&.\e\*q .Sh SEE ALSO
+\&.\e\*q .Xr foobar 1
+\&.\e\*q .Sh STANDARDS
+\&.\e\*q .Sh HISTORY
+\&.\e\*q .Sh AUTHORS
+\&.\e\*q .Sh CAVEATS
+\&.\e\*q .Sh BUGS
+\&.\e\*q .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The sections in a
+.Nm
+document are conventionally ordered as they appear above. Sections
+should be composed as follows:
+.Bl -ohang -offset Ds
+.It Em NAME
+The name(s) and a short description of the documented material. The
+syntax for this as follows:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Nm name0
+\&.Nm name1
+\&.Nm name2
+\&.Nd a short description
+.Ed
+.Pp
+The
+.Sx \&Nm
+macro(s) must precede the
+.Sx \&Nd
+macro.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Nm
+and
+.Sx \&Nd .
+.
+.It Em LIBRARY
+The name of the library containing the documented material, which is
+assumed to be a function in a section 2 or 3 manual. The syntax for
+this is as follows:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Lb libarm
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Lb .
+.
+.It Em SYNOPSIS
+Documents the utility invocation syntax, function call syntax, or device
+configuration.
+.Pp
+For the first, utilities (sections 1, 6, and 8), this is
+generally structured as follows:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Nm foo
+\&.Op Fl v
+\&.Op Fl o Ar file
+\&.Op Ar
+\&.Nm bar
+\&.Op Fl v
+\&.Op Fl o Ar file
+\&.Op Ar
+.Ed
+.Pp
+For the second, function calls (sections 2, 3, 9):
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Vt extern const char *global;
+\&.In header.h
+\&.Ft "char *"
+\&.Fn foo "const char *src"
+\&.Ft "char *"
+\&.Fn bar "const char *src"
+.Ed
+.Pp
+And for the third, configurations (section 4):
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x2e\*q
+\&.Cd \*qit* at isa? port 0x4e\*q
+.Ed
+.Pp
+Manuals not in these sections generally don't need a
+.Em SYNOPSIS .
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Op ,
+.Sx \&Cd ,
+.Sx \&Fn ,
+.Sx \&Ft ,
+and
+.Sx \&Vt .
+.
+.It Em DESCRIPTION
+This expands upon the brief, one-line description in
+.Em NAME .
+It usually contains a break-down of the options (if documenting a
+command), such as:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+The arguments are as follows:
+\&.Bl \-tag \-width Ds
+\&.It Fl v
+Print verbose information.
+\&.El
.Ed
+.Pp
+Manuals not documenting a command won't include the above fragment.
+.
+.It Em IMPLEMENTATION NOTES
+Implementation-specific notes should be kept here. This is useful when
+implementing standard functions that may have side effects or notable
+algorithmic implications.
+.
+.It Em EXIT STATUS
+Command exit status for section 1, 6, and 8 manuals. This section is
+the dual of
+.Em RETURN VALUES ,
+which is used for functions. Historically, this information was
+described in
+.Em DIAGNOSTICS ,
+a practise that is now discouraged.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Ex .
+.
+.It Em RETURN VALUES
+This section is the dual of
+.Em EXIT STATUS ,
+which is used for commands. It documents the return values of functions
+in sections 2, 3, and 9.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Rv .
+.
+.It Em ENVIRONMENT
+Documents any usages of environment variables, e.g.,
+.Xr environ 7 .
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Ev .
+.
+.It Em FILES
+Documents files used. It's helpful to document both the file and a
+short description of how the file is used (created, modified, etc.).
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Pa .
+.
+.It Em EXAMPLES
+Example usages. This often contains snippets of well-formed,
+well-tested invocations. Make doubly sure that your examples work
+properly!
+.
+.It Em DIAGNOSTICS
+Documents error conditions. This is most useful in section 4 manuals.
+Historically, this section was used in place of
+.Em EXIT STATUS
+for manuals in sections 1, 6, and 8; however, this practise is
+discouraged.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Bl
+.Fl diag .
+.
+.It Em ERRORS
+Documents error handling in sections 2, 3, and 9.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Er .
+.
+.It Em SEE ALSO
+References other manuals with related topics. This section should exist
+for most manuals. Cross-references should conventionally be ordered
+first by section, then alphabetically.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&Xr .
.
+.It Em STANDARDS
+References any standards implemented or used. If not adhering to any
+standards, the
+.Em HISTORY
+section should be used instead.
.Pp
-Subsequent SYNOPSIS and DESCRIPTION sections are strongly encouraged,
-but non-compulsory.
+See
+.Sx \&St .
+.
+.It Em HISTORY
+The history of any manual without a
+.Em STANDARDS
+section should be described in this section.
+.
+.It Em AUTHORS
+Credits to authors, if applicable, should appear in this section.
+Authors should generally be noted by both name and an e-mail address.
+.Pp
+See
+.Sx \&An .
+.
+.It Em CAVEATS
+Explanations of common misuses and misunderstandings should be explained
+in this section.
+.
+.It Em BUGS
+Extant bugs should be described in this section.
+.
+.It Em SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS
+Documents any security precautions that operators should consider.
+.
+.El
.
.
.Sh MACRO SYNTAX
control character ,
.Sq \&. ,
at the beginning of the line. An arbitrary amount of whitespace may
-sit between the control character and the macro name. Thus,
-.Sq \&.Pp
-and
-.Sq \&.\ \ \ \&Pp
-are equivalent. Macro names are two or three characters in length.
+sit between the control character and the macro name. Thus, the
+following are equivalent:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Pp
+\&.\ \ \ \&Pp
+.Ed
.
.Pp
The syntax of a macro depends on its classification. In this section,
column indicates that the macro may be called subsequent to the initial
line-macro. If a macro is not callable, then its invocation after the
initial line macro is interpreted as opaque text, such that
-.Sq \&.Fl Sh
+.Sq \&.Fl \&Sh
produces
-.Sq Fl Sh .
+.Sq Fl \&Sh .
.
.Pp
The
.Ss Block full-explicit
Multi-line scope closed by an explicit closing macro. All macros
contains bodies; only
-.Pq Sq \&Bf
+.Sx \&Bf
contains a head.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
.Pp
.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXX"
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope
-.It \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Ed
-.It \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Ef
-.It \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Ek
-.It \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&El
-.It \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&Bd
-.It \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&Bf
-.It \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&Bk
-.It \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&Bl
+.It Sx \&Bd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ed
+.It Sx \&Bf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ef
+.It Sx \&Bk Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Ek
+.It Sx \&Bl Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&El
+.It Sx \&Ed Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bd
+.It Sx \&Ef Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bf
+.It Sx \&Ek Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bk
+.It Sx \&El Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Bl
.El
.
.
Multi-line scope closed by end-of-file or implicitly by another macro.
All macros have bodies; some
.Po
-.Sq \&It \-bullet ,
-.Sq \-hyphen ,
-.Sq \-dash ,
-.Sq \-enum ,
-.Sq \-item
+.Sx \&It Fl bullet ,
+.Fl hyphen ,
+.Fl dash ,
+.Fl enum ,
+.Fl item
+.Pc
+don't have heads; only one
+.Po
+.Sx \&It Fl column
.Pc
-don't have heads, while
-.Sq \&It \-column
-may have multiple heads.
+has multiple heads.
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead... \(lBTa head...\(rB\(rB
\(lBbody...\(rB
.Pp
.Bl -column -compact -offset indent "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXXXXXXXXX"
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope
-.It \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by \&It, \&El
-.It \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Sh
-.It \&Sh Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Sh
-.It \&Ss Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Sh, \&Ss
+.It Sx \&It Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&It , Sx \&El
+.It Sx \&Nd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
+.It Sx \&Sh Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh
+.It Sx \&Ss Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Sh , Sx \&Ss
.El
.
.
.Ss Block partial-explicit
Like block full-explicit, but also with single-line scope. Each
has at least a body and, in limited circumstances, a head
-.Pq So \&Fo Sc , So \&Eo Sc
+.Po
+.Sx \&Fo ,
+.Sx \&Eo
+.Pc
and/or tail
-.Pq So \&Ec Sc .
+.Pq Sx \&Ec .
.Bd -literal -offset indent
\&.Yo \(lB\-arg \(lBparm...\(rB\(rB \(lBhead...\(rB
\(lBbody...\(rB
.Pp
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "closed by XXXX" -compact -offset indent
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Scope
-.It \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Ao
-.It \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Ac
-.It \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Bo
-.It \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Bc
-.It \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Bro
-.It \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Brc
-.It \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Do
-.It \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Dc
-.It \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Eo
-.It \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Ec
-.It \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Fo
-.It \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Fc
-.It \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Oo
-.It \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Oc
-.It \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Po
-.It \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Pc
-.It \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Oo
-.It \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Oc
-.It \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by \&Rs
-.It \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by \&Re
-.It \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&So
-.It \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Sc
-.It \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by \&Xo
-.It \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by \&Xc
+.It Sx \&Ac Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Ao
+.It Sx \&Ao Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ac
+.It Sx \&Bc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Bo
+.It Sx \&Bo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bc
+.It Sx \&Brc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Bro
+.It Sx \&Bro Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Brc
+.It Sx \&Dc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Do
+.It Sx \&Do Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Dc
+.It Sx \&Ec Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Eo
+.It Sx \&Eo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Ec
+.It Sx \&Fc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Fo
+.It Sx \&Fo Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Fc
+.It Sx \&Oc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oo
+.It Sx \&Oo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oc
+.It Sx \&Pc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Po
+.It Sx \&Po Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Pc
+.It Sx \&Qc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Oo
+.It Sx \&Qo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Oc
+.It Sx \&Re Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta opened by Sx \&Rs
+.It Sx \&Rs Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta closed by Sx \&Re
+.It Sx \&Sc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&So
+.It Sx \&So Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Sc
+.It Sx \&Xc Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta opened by Sx \&Xo
+.It Sx \&Xo Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta closed by Sx \&Xc
.El
.
.
.Pp
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" -compact -offset indent
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable
-.It \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes
-.It \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes
-.It \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes
-.It \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes
-.It \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes
-.It \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes
-.It \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes
-.It \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes
-.It \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes
-.It \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes
-.It \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&Aq Ta Yes Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&Bq Ta Yes Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&Brq Ta Yes Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&D1 Ta \&No Ta \&Yes
+.It Sx \&Dl Ta \&No Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&Dq Ta Yes Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&Op Ta Yes Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&Pq Ta Yes Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&Ql Ta Yes Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&Qq Ta Yes Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&Sq Ta Yes Ta Yes
+.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes
.El
+.Pp
+Note that the
+.Sx \&Vt
+macro is a
+.Sx Block partial-implicit
+only when invoked as the first macro
+in a SYNOPSIS section line, else it is
+.Sx In-line .
.
.
.Ss In-line
.Pp
.Bl -column "MacroX" "CallableX" "ParsableX" "Arguments" -compact -offset indent
.It Em Macro Ta Em Callable Ta Em Parsable Ta Em Arguments
-.It \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
-.It \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1
-.It \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
-.It \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
-.It \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
-.It \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It \&En Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
-.It \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It \&Es Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
-.It \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
-.It \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
-.It \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It \&Fr Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
-.It \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
-.It \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
-.It \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
-.It \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
-.It \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
-.It \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
-.It \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
-.It \&Ot Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
-.It \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Pf Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1
-.It \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
-.It \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
-.It \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
-.It \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1
-.It \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
-.It \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
-.It \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
-.It \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0, <3
-.It \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
-.It \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
-.El
+.It Sx \&%A Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%B Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%C Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%D Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%I Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%J Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%N Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%O Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%P Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%Q Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%R Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%T Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%U Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&%V Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Ad Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&An Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Ap Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
+.It Sx \&Ar Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&At Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 1
+.It Sx \&Bsx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Bt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
+.It Sx \&Bx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Cd Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Cm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Db Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
+.It Sx \&Dd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Dt Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
+.It Sx \&Dv Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Dx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Em Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&En Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
+.It Sx \&Er Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Es Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
+.It Sx \&Ev Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Ex Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
+.It Sx \&Fa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Fd Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Fl Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Fn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Fr Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
+.It Sx \&Ft Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Fx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Hf Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
+.It Sx \&Ic Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&In Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
+.It Sx \&Lb Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
+.It Sx \&Li Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Lk Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Lp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
+.It Sx \&Ms Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Mt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Nm Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&No Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
+.It Sx \&Ns Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta 0
+.It Sx \&Nx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Os Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
+.It Sx \&Ot Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
+.It Sx \&Ox Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Pa Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Pf Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1
+.It Sx \&Pp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
+.It Sx \&Rv Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta n
+.It Sx \&Sm Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
+.It Sx \&St Ta \&No Ta Yes Ta 1
+.It Sx \&Sx Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Sy Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Tn Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Ud Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
+.It Sx \&Ux Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Va Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta n
+.It Sx \&Vt Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&Xr Ta Yes Ta Yes Ta >0
+.It Sx \&br Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 0
+.It Sx \&sp Ta \&No Ta \&No Ta 1
+.El
+.
+.
+.Sh REFERENCE
+This section is a canonical reference of all macros, arranged
+alphabetically. For the scoping of individual macros, see
+.Sx MACRO SYNTAX .
+.
+.Ss \&%A
+Author name of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block. Multiple authors should each be accorded their own
+.Sx \%%A
+line. Author names should be ordered with full or abbreviated
+forename(s) first, then full surname.
+.
+.Ss \&%B
+Book title of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographic context when
+referring to book titles.
+.
+.Ss \&%C
+Publication city or location of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block.
+.Pp
+.Em Remarks :
+this macro is not implemented in
+.Xr groff 1 .
+.
+.Ss \&%D
+Publication date of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block. This should follow the reduced or canonical form syntax
+described in
+.Sx Dates .
+.
+.Ss \&%I
+Publisher or issuer name of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block.
+.
+.Ss \&%J
+Journal name of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block.
+.
+.Ss \&%N
+Issue number (usually for journals) of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block.
+.
+.Ss \&%O
+Optional information of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block.
+.
+.Ss \&%P
+Book or journal page number of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block.
+.
+.Ss \&%Q
+Institutional author (school, government, etc.) of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block. Multiple institutional authors should each be accorded their own
+.Sx \&%Q
+line.
+.
+.Ss \&%R
+Technical report name of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block.
+.
+.Ss \&%T
+Article title of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block. This macro may also be used in a non-bibliographical context
+when referring to article titles.
+.
+.Ss \&%U
+URI of reference document.
+.
+.Ss \&%V
+Volume number of an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block.
+.
+.Ss \&Ac
+Closes an
+.Sx \&Ao
+block. Does not have any tail arguments.
+.
+.Ss \&Ad
+Address construct: usually in the context of an computational address in
+memory, not a physical (post) address.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Ad [0,$]
+\&.Ad 0x00000000
+.Ed
+.
+.Ss \&An
+Author name. This macro may alternatively accepts the following
+arguments, although these may not be specified along with a parameter:
+.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
+.It Fl split
+Renders a line break before each author listing.
+.It Fl nosplit
+The opposite of
+.Fl split .
+.El
+.Pp
+In the AUTHORS section, the default is not to split the first author
+listing, but all subsequent author listings, whether or not they're
+interspersed by other macros or text, are split. Thus, specifying
+.Fl split
+will cause the first listing also to be split. If not in the AUTHORS
+section, the default is not to split.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.An -nosplit
+\&.An J. E. Hopcraft ,
+\&.An J. D. Ullman .
+.Ed
+.Pp
+.Em Remarks :
+the effects of
+.Fl split
+or
+.Fl nosplit
+are re-set when entering the AUTHORS section, so if one specifies
+.Sx \&An Fl nosplit
+in the general document body, it must be re-specified in the AUTHORS
+section.
+.
+.Ss \&Ao
+Begins a block enclosed by angled brackets. Does not have any head
+arguments.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Fl -key= Ns Ao Ar val Ac
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Aq .
+.
+.Ss \&Ap
+Inserts an apostrophe without any surrounding white-space. This is
+generally used as a grammatic device when referring to the verb form of
+a function:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Fn execve Ap d
+.Ed
+.
+.Ss \&Aq
+Encloses its arguments in angled brackets.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Fl -key= Ns Aq Ar val
+.Ed
+.Pp
+.Em Remarks :
+this macro is often abused for rendering URIs, which should instead use
+.Sx \&Lk
+or
+.Sx \&Mt ,
+or to note pre-processor
+.Dq Li #include
+statements, which should use
+.Sx \&In .
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Ao .
+.
+.Ss \&Ar
+Command arguments. If an argument is not provided, the string
+.Dq file ...
+is used as a default.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Fl o Ns Ar file1
+\&.Ar
+\&.Ar arg1 , arg2 .
+.Ed
+.
+.Ss \&At
+Formats an AT&T version. Accepts at most one parameter:
+.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
+.It Cm v[1-7] | 32v
+A version of
+.At .
+.It Cm V[.[1-4]]?
+A system version of
+.At .
+.El
+.Pp
+Note that these parameters do not begin with a hyphen.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.At
+\&.At V.1
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Bsx ,
+.Sx \&Bx ,
+.Sx \&Dx ,
+.Sx \&Fx ,
+.Sx \&Nx ,
+.Sx \&Ox ,
+and
+.Sx \&Ux .
+.
+.Ss \&Bc
+Closes a
+.Sx \&Bo
+block. Does not have any tail arguments.
+.
+.Ss \&Bd
+Begins a display block. A display is collection of macros or text which
+may be collectively offset or justified in a manner different from that
+of the enclosing context. By default, the block is preceded by a
+vertical space.
+.Pp
+Each display is associated with a type, which must be one of the
+following arguments:
+.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
+.It Fl ragged
+Only left-justify the block.
+.It Fl unfilled
+Do not justify the block at all.
+.It Fl filled
+Left- and right-justify the block.
+.It Fl literal
+Alias for
+.Fl unfilled .
+.It Fl centered
+Centre-justify each line.
+.El
+.Pp
+The type must be provided first. Secondary arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width 12n -offset indent
+.It Fl offset Ar width
+Offset by the value of
+.Ar width ,
+which is interpreted as one of the following, specified in order:
+.Bl -item
+.It
+As one of the pre-defined strings
+.Ar indent ,
+the width of standard indentation;
+.Ar indent-two ,
+twice
+.Ar indent ;
+.Ar left ,
+which has no effect ;
+.Ar right ,
+which justifies to the right margin; and
+.Ar center ,
+which aligns around an imagined centre axis.
+.It
+As a precalculated width for a named macro. The most popular is the
+imaginary macro
+.Ar \&Ds ,
+which resolves to
+.Ar 6n .
+.It
+As a scaling unit following the syntax described in
+.Sx Scaling Widths .
+.It
+As the calculated string length of the opaque string.
+.El
+.Pp
+If unset, it will revert to the value of
+.Ar 8n
+as described in
+.Sx Scaling Widths .
+.It Fl compact
+Do not assert a vertical space before the block.
+.It Fl file Ar file
+Prepend the file
+.Ar file
+before any text or macros within the block.
+.El
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Bd \-unfilled \-offset two-indent \-compact
+ Hello world.
+\&.Ed
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&D1
+and
+.Sx \&Dl .
+.
+.Ss \&Bf
+.Ss \&Bk
+.Ss \&Bl
+.\" Begins a list composed of one or more list entries. A list entry is
+.\" specified by the
+.\" .Sx \&It
+.\" macro, which consists of a head and optional body. By default, a list
+.\" is preceded by a blank line. A list must specify one of the following
+.\" list types:
+.\" .Bl -tag -width 12n
+.\" .It Fl bullet
+.\" A list offset by a bullet. The head of list entries must be empty.
+.\" List entry bodies are justified after the bullet.
+.\" .It Fl column
+.\" A columnated list. The number of columns is specified as arguments to
+.\" the
+.\" .Sx \&Bl
+.\" macro (the deprecated form of following the invocation of
+.\" .Fl column
+.\" is also accepted). Arguments dictate the width of columns specified in
+.\" list entries. List entry bodies must be left empty. Columns specified
+.\" in the list entry head are justified to their position in the sequence
+.\" of columns.
+.\" .It Fl dash
+.\" A list offset by a dash (hyphen). The head of list entries must be
+.\" empty. List entry bodies are justified past the dash.
+.\" .It Fl diag
+.\" Like
+.\" .Fl inset
+.\" lists, but with additional formatting to the head.
+.\" .It Fl enum
+.\" A list offset by a number indicating list entry position. The head of
+.\" list entries must be empty. List entry bodies are justified past the
+.\" enumeration.
+.\" .It Fl hang
+.\" Like
+.\" .Fl tag ,
+.\" but instead of list bodies justifying to the head on the first line,
+.\" they trail the head text.
+.\" .It Fl hyphen
+.\" Synonym for
+.\" .Fl dash .
+.\" .It Fl inset
+.\" Like
+.\" .Fl tag ,
+.\" but list entry bodies aren't justified.
+.\" .It Fl item
+.\" An un-justified list. This produces blocks of text.
+.\" .It Fl ohang
+.\" List bodies are placed on the line following the head.
+.\" .It Fl tag
+.\" A list offset by list entry heads. List entry bodies are justified
+.\" after the head.
+.\" .El
+.\" .Pp
+.\" More...
+.\" .
+.Ss \&Bo
+Begins a block enclosed by square brackets. Does not have any head
+arguments.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Bo 1 ,
+\&.Dv BUFSIZ Bc
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Bq .
+.
+.Ss \&Bq
+Encloses its arguments in square brackets.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Bq 1 , Dv BUFSIZ
+.Ed
+.Pp
+.Em Remarks :
+this macro is sometimes abused to emulate optional arguments for
+commands; the correct macros to use for this purpose are
+.Sx \&Op ,
+.Sx \&Oo ,
+and
+.Sx \&Oc .
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Bo .
+.
+.Ss \&Brc
+Closes a
+.Sx \&Bro
+block. Does not have any tail arguments.
+.
+.Ss \&Bro
+Begins a block enclosed by curly braces. Does not have any head
+arguments.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Bro 1 , ... ,
+\&.Va n Brc
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Brq .
+.
+.Ss \&Brq
+Encloses its arguments in curly braces.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Brq 1 , ... , Va n
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Bro .
+.
+.Ss \&Bsx
+Format the BSD/OS version provided as an argument, or a default value if
+no argument is provided.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Bsx 1.0
+\&.Bsx
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&At ,
+.Sx \&Bx ,
+.Sx \&Dx ,
+.Sx \&Fx ,
+.Sx \&Nx ,
+.Sx \&Ox ,
+and
+.Sx \&Ux .
+.
+.Ss \&Bt
+Prints
+.Dq is currently in beta test.
+.
+.Ss \&Bx
+Format the BSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if no
+argument is provided.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Bx 4.4
+\&.Bx
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&At ,
+.Sx \&Bsx ,
+.Sx \&Dx ,
+.Sx \&Fx ,
+.Sx \&Nx ,
+.Sx \&Ox ,
+and
+.Sx \&Ux .
+.
+.Ss \&Cd
+Configuration declaration (suggested for use only in section four
+manuals). This denotes strings accepted by
+.Xr config 8 .
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Cd device le0 at scode?
+.Ed
+.Pp
+.Em Remarks :
+this macro is commonly abused by using quoted literals to retain
+white-space and align consecutive
+.Sx \&Cd
+declarations. This practise is discouraged.
+.
+.Ss \&Cm
+Command modifiers. Useful when specifying configuration options or
+keys.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Cm ControlPath
+\&.Cm ControlMaster
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Fl .
+.
+.Ss \&D1
+One-line indented display. This is formatted by the default rules and
+is useful for simple indented statements. It is followed by a newline.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.D1 Fl abcdefgh
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Bd
+and
+.Sx \&Dl .
+.
+.Ss \&Db
+.Ss \&Dc
+Closes a
+.Sx \&Do
+block. Does not have any tail arguments.
+.
+.Ss \&Dd
+Document date. This is the mandatory first macro of any
+.Nm
+manual. Its calling syntax is as follows:
+.Pp
+.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dd Cm date
+.Pp
+The
+.Cm date
+field may be either
+.Ar $\&Mdocdate$ ,
+which signifies the current manual revision date dictated by
+.Xr cvs 1 ,
+or instead a valid canonical date as specified by
+.Sx Dates .
+If a date does not conform, the current date is used instead.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate$
+\&.Dd $\&Mdocdate: July 21 2007$
+\&.Dd July 21, 2007
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Dt
+and
+.Sx \&Os .
+.
+.Ss \&Dl
+One-line intended display. This is formatted as literal text and is
+useful for commands and invocations. It is followed by a newline.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Dl % mandoc mdoc.7 | less
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Bd
+and
+.Sx \&D1 .
+.
+.Ss \&Do
+Begins a block enclosed by double quotes. Does not have any head
+arguments.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.D1 Do April is the cruellest month Dc \e(em T.S. Eliot
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Dq .
+.
+.Ss \&Dq
+Encloses its arguments in double quotes.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Dq April is the cruellest month
+\e(em T.S. Eliot
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Do .
+.
+.Ss \&Dt
+Document title. This is the mandatory second macro of any
+.Nm
+file. Its calling syntax is as follows:
+.Pp
+.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Dt Cm title section Op Cm volume | arch
+.Pp
+Its arguments are as follows:
+.Bl -tag -width Ds -offset Ds
+.It Cm title
+The document's title (name). This should be capitalised and is
+required.
+.It Cm section
+The manual section. This may be one of
+.Ar 1
+.Pq utilities ,
+.Ar 2
+.Pq system calls ,
+.Ar 3
+.Pq libraries ,
+.Ar 3p
+.Pq Perl libraries ,
+.Ar 4
+.Pq devices ,
+.Ar 5
+.Pq file formats ,
+.Ar 6
+.Pq games ,
+.Ar 7
+.Pq miscellaneous ,
+.Ar 8
+.Pq system utilities ,
+.Ar 9
+.Pq kernel functions ,
+.Ar X11
+.Pq X Window System ,
+.Ar X11R6
+.Pq X Window System ,
+.Ar unass
+.Pq unassociated ,
+.Ar local
+.Pq local system ,
+.Ar draft
+.Pq draft manual ,
+or
+.Ar paper
+.Pq paper .
+It is also required and should correspond to the manual's filename
+suffix.
+.It Cm volume
+This overrides the volume inferred from
+.Ar section .
+This field is optional, and if specified, must be one of
+.Ar USD
+.Pq users' supplementary documents ,
+.Ar PS1
+.Pq programmers' supplementary documents ,
+.Ar AMD
+.Pq administrators' supplementary documents ,
+.Ar SMM
+.Pq system managers' manuals ,
+.Ar URM
+.Pq users' reference manuals ,
+.Ar PRM
+.Pq programmers' reference manuals ,
+.Ar KM
+.Pq kernel manuals ,
+.Ar IND
+.Pq master index ,
+.Ar MMI
+.Pq master index ,
+.Ar LOCAL
+.Pq local manuals ,
+.Ar LOC
+.Pq local manuals ,
+or
+.Ar CON
+.Pq contributed manuals .
+.It Cm arch
+This specifies a specific relevant architecture. If
+.Cm volume
+is not provided, it may be used in its place, else it may be used
+subsequent that. It, too, is optional. It must be one of
+.Ar alpha ,
+.Ar amd64 ,
+.Ar amiga ,
+.Ar arc ,
+.Ar arm ,
+.Ar armish ,
+.Ar aviion ,
+.Ar hp300 ,
+.Ar hppa ,
+.Ar hppa64 ,
+.Ar i386 ,
+.Ar landisk ,
+.Ar luna88k ,
+.Ar mac68k ,
+.Ar macppc ,
+.Ar mvme68k ,
+.Ar mvme88k ,
+.Ar mvmeppc ,
+.Ar pmax ,
+.Ar sgi ,
+.Ar socppc ,
+.Ar sparc ,
+.Ar sparc64 ,
+.Ar sun3 ,
+.Ar vax ,
+or
+.Ar zaurus .
+.El
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Dt FOO 1
+\&.Dt FOO 4 KM
+\&.Dt FOO 9 i386
+\&.Dt FOO 9 KM i386
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Dd
+and
+.Sx \&Os .
+.
+.Ss \&Dv
+Defined variables such as preprocessor constants.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Dv BUFSIZ
+\&.Dv STDOUT_FILENO
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Er .
+.
+.Ss \&Dx
+Format the DragonFly BSD version provided as an argument, or a default
+value if no argument is provided.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Dx 2.4.1
+\&.Dx
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&At ,
+.Sx \&Bsx ,
+.Sx \&Bx ,
+.Sx \&Fx ,
+.Sx \&Nx ,
+.Sx \&Ox ,
+and
+.Sx \&Ux .
+.
+.Ss \&Ec
+.Ss \&Ed
+.Ss \&Ef
+.Ss \&Ek
+.Ss \&El
+.Ss \&Em
+Denotes text that should be emphasised. Note that this is a
+presentation term and should not be used for stylistically decorating
+technical terms.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Ed Warnings!
+\&.Ed Remarks :
+.Ed
+.
+.Ss \&En
+.Ss \&Eo
+.Ss \&Er
+Error constants (suggested for use only in section two manuals).
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Er EPERM
+\&.Er ENOENT
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Dv .
+.
+.Ss \&Es
+.
+.Ss \&Ev
+Environmental variables such as those specified in
+.Xr environ 7 .
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Ev DISPLAY
+\&.Ev PATH
+.Ed
+.
+.Ss \&Ex
+Inserts text regarding a utility's exit values. This macro must have
+first the
+.Fl std
+argument specified, then an optional
+.Ar utility .
+If
+.Ar utility
+is not provided, the document's name as stipulated in
+.Sx \&Nm
+is provided.
+.Ss \&Fa
+.Ss \&Fc
+.Ss \&Fd
+.Ss \&Fl
+Command-line flag. Used when listing arguments to command-line
+utilities. Prints a fixed-width hyphen
+.Sq \-
+before each delimited argument. If no arguments are provided, a hyphen
+is still printed.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Fl a b c
+\&.Fl
+\&.Op Fl o Ns Ar file
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Cm .
+.
+.Ss \&Fn
+.Ss \&Fo
+.Ss \&Fr
+.Ss \&Ft
+.Ss \&Fx
+Format the FreeBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value
+if no argument is provided.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Fx 7.1
+\&.Fx
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&At ,
+.Sx \&Bsx ,
+.Sx \&Bx ,
+.Sx \&Dx ,
+.Sx \&Nx ,
+.Sx \&Ox ,
+and
+.Sx \&Ux .
+.
+.Ss \&Hf
+.Ss \&Ic
+.Ss \&In
+.Ss \&It
+.Ss \&Lb
+.Ss \&Li
+.Ss \&Lk
+Format a hyperlink. The calling syntax is as follows:
+.Pp
+.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Lk Cm uri Op Cm name
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Lk http://bsd.lv "The BSD.lv Project"
+\&.Lk http://bsd.lv
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Mt .
+.
+.Ss \&Lp
+.Ss \&Ms
+.Ss \&Mt
+.Ss \&Nd
+.Ss \&Nm
+.Ss \&No
+.Ss \&Ns
+.Ss \&Nx
+Format the NetBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value if
+no argument is provided.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Nx 5.01
+\&.Nx
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&At ,
+.Sx \&Bsx ,
+.Sx \&Bx ,
+.Sx \&Dx ,
+.Sx \&Fx ,
+.Sx \&Ox ,
+and
+.Sx \&Ux .
+.
+.Ss \&Oc
+.Ss \&Oo
+.Ss \&Op
+.Ss \&Os
+Document operating system version. This is the mandatory third macro of
+any
+.Nm
+file. Its calling syntax is as follows:
+.Pp
+.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Os Op Cm system
+.Pp
+The optional
+.Cm system
+parameter specifies the relevant operating system or environment. Left
+unspecified, it defaults to the local operating system version. This is
+the suggested form.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Os
+\&.Os KTH/CSC/TCS
+\&.Os BSD 4.3
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Dd
+and
+.Sx \&Dt .
+.
+.Ss \&Ot
+Unknown usage.
+.Pp
+.Em Remarks :
+this macro has been deprecated.
+.
+.Ss \&Ox
+Format the OpenBSD version provided as an argument, or a default value
+if no argument is provided.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Ox 4.5
+\&.Ox
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&At ,
+.Sx \&Bsx ,
+.Sx \&Bx ,
+.Sx \&Dx ,
+.Sx \&Fx ,
+.Sx \&Nx ,
+and
+.Sx \&Ux .
+.
+.Ss \&Pa
+.Ss \&Pc
+.Ss \&Pf
+.Ss \&Po
+.Ss \&Pp
+.Ss \&Pq
+.Ss \&Qc
+.Ss \&Ql
+.Ss \&Qo
+.Ss \&Qq
+.
+.Ss \&Re
+Closes a
+.Sx \&Rs
+block. Does not have any tail arguments.
+.
+.Ss \&Rs
+Begins a bibliographic
+.Pq Dq reference
+block. Does not have any head arguments. The block macro may only
+contain
+.Sx \&%A ,
+.Sx \&%B ,
+.Sx \&%C ,
+.Sx \&%D ,
+.Sx \&%I ,
+.Sx \&%J ,
+.Sx \&%N ,
+.Sx \&%O ,
+.Sx \&%P ,
+.Sx \&%Q ,
+.Sx \&%R ,
+.Sx \&%T ,
+and
+.Sx \&%V
+child macros (at least one must be specified).
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Rs
+\&.%A J. E. Hopcroft
+\&.%A J. D. Ullman
+\&.%B Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation
+\&.%I Addison-Wesley
+\&.%C Reading, Massachusettes
+\&.%D 1979
+\&.Re
+.Ed
+.Pp
+If an
+.Sx \&Rs
+block is used within a SEE ALSO section, a vertical space is asserted
+before the rendered output, else the block continues on the current
+line.
+.
+.Ss \&Rv
+.Ss \&Sc
+.Ss \&Sh
+.Ss \&Sm
+.Ss \&So
+.Ss \&Sq
+.Ss \&Ss
+.Ss \&St
+.Ss \&Sx
+.Ss \&Sy
+.Ss \&Tn
+.Ss \&Ud
+.Ss \&Ux
+Format the UNIX name. Accepts no argument.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Ux
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&At ,
+.Sx \&Bsx ,
+.Sx \&Bx ,
+.Sx \&Dx ,
+.Sx \&Fx ,
+.Sx \&Nx ,
+and
+.Sx \&Ox .
+.
+.Ss \&Va
+.Ss \&Vt
+A variable type. This is also used for indicating global variables in the
+SYNOPSIS section, in which case a variable name is also specified. Note that
+it accepts
+.Sx Block partial-implicit
+syntax when invoked as the first macro in the SYNOPSIS section, else it
+accepts ordinary
+.Sx In-line
+syntax.
+.Pp
+Note that this should not be confused with
+.Sx \&Ft ,
+which is used for function return types.
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Vt unsigned char
+\&.Vt extern const char * const sys_signame[] ;
+.Ed
+.Pp
+See also
+.Sx \&Ft
+and
+.Sx \&Va .
+.
+.Ss \&Xc
+.Ss \&Xo
+.Ss \&Xr
+Link to another manual
+.Pq Qq cross-reference .
+Its calling syntax is
+.Pp
+.D1 \. Ns Sx \&Xr Cm name section
+.Pp
+The
+.Cm name
+and
+.Cm section
+are the name and section of the linked manual. If
+.Cm section
+is followed by non-punctuation, an
+.Sx \&Ns
+is inserted into the token stream. This behaviour is for compatibility
+with
+.Xr groff 1 .
+.Pp
+Examples:
+.Bd -literal -offset indent
+\&.Xr mandoc 1
+\&.Xr mandoc 1 ;
+\&.Xr mandoc 1 s behaviour
+.Ed
+.
+.Ss \&br
+.Ss \&sp
.
.
.Sh COMPATIBILITY
.Pp
.Bl -dash -compact
.It
-The
-.Sq \-split
-or
-.Sq \-nosplit
-argument to
-.Sq \&An
-applies to the whole document, not just to the current section as it
-does in groff.
+The comment syntax
+.Sq \e."
+is no longer accepted.
+.It
+In
+.Xr groff 1 ,
+the
+.Sx \&Pa
+macro does not format its arguments when used in the FILES section under
+certain list types. This irregular behaviour has been discontinued.
+.It
+Historic
+.Xr groff 1
+does not print a dash for empty
+.Sx \&Fl
+arguments. This behaviour has been discontinued.
+.It
+.Xr groff 1
+behaves strangely (even between versions) when specifying
+.Sq \ef
+escapes within line-macro scopes. These aberrations have been
+normalised.
+.It
+Negative scaling units are now truncated to zero instead of creating
+interesting conditions, such as with
+.Sx \&sp
+.Fl 1i .
+Furthermore, the
+.Sq f
+scaling unit, while accepted, is rendered as the default unit.
.It
In quoted literals, groff allowed pair-wise double-quotes to produce a
standalone double-quote in formatted output. This idiosyncratic
behaviour is no longer applicable.
.It
+Display types
+.Sx \&Bd
+.Fl center
+and
+.Fl right
+are aliases for
+.Fl left .
The
-.Sq \&sp
-macro does not accept negative numbers.
+.Fl file Ar file
+argument is ignored. Since text is not right-justified,
+.Fl ragged
+and
+.Fl filled
+are aliases, as are
+.Fl literal
+and
+.Fl unfilled .
.It
Blocks of whitespace are stripped from both macro and free-form text
lines (except when in literal mode), while groff would retain whitespace
.Qq go orbital
but is a proper delimiter in this implementation.
.It
-.Sq \&It \-nested
+.Sx \&It
+.Fl nested
is assumed for all lists (it wasn't in historic groff): any list may be
nested and
-.Sq \-enum
+.Fl enum
lists will restart the sequence only for the sub-list.
.It
-.Sq \&It \-column
-syntax where column widths may be preceded by other arguments (instead
-of proceeded) is not supported.
-.It
-The
-.Sq \&At
-macro only accepts a single parameter.
-.It
Some manuals use
-.Sq \&Li
+.Sx \&Li
incorrectly by following it with a reserved character and expecting the
delimiter to render. This is not supported.
.It
In groff, the
-.Sq \&Fo
+.Sx \&Fo
macro only produces the first parameter. This is no longer the case.
.El
.
.Nm
reference was written by
.An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq kristaps@kth.se .
-.
-.
-.Sh CAVEATS
-There are many ambiguous parts of mdoc.
-.
-.Pp
-.Bl -dash -compact
-.It
-.Sq \&Fa
-should be
-.Sq \&Va
-as function arguments are variables.
-.It
-.Sq \&Ft
-should be
-.Sq \&Vt
-as function return types are still types. Furthermore, the
-.Sq \&Ft
-should be removed and
-.Sq \&Fo ,
-which ostensibly follows it, should follow the same convention as
-.Sq \&Va .
-.It
-.Sq \&Va
-should formalise that only one or two arguments are acceptable: a
-variable name and optional, preceding type.
-.It
-.Sq \&Fd
-is ambiguous. It's commonly used to indicate an include file in the
-synopsis section.
-.Sq \&In
-should be used, instead.
-.It
-Only the
-.Sq \-literal
-argument to
-.Sq \&Bd
-makes sense. The remaining ones should be removed.
-.It
-The
-.Sq \&Xo
-and
-.Sq \&Xc
-macros should be deprecated.
-.It
-The
-.Sq \&Dt
-macro lacks clarity. It should be absolutely clear which title will
-render when formatting the manual page.
-.It
-A
-.Sq \&Lx
-should be provided for Linux (\(`a la
-.Sq \&Ox ,
-.Sq \&Nx
-etc.).
-.It
-There's no way to refer to references in
-.Sq \&Rs/Re
-blocks.
-.It
-The \-split and \-nosplit dictates via
-.Sq \&An
-are re-set when entering and leaving the AUTHORS section.
-.El
-.
+.\"
+.\" XXX: this really isn't the place for these caveats.
+.\" .
+.\" .
+.\" .Sh CAVEATS
+.\" There are many ambiguous parts of mdoc.
+.\" .
+.\" .Pp
+.\" .Bl -dash -compact
+.\" .It
+.\" .Sq \&Fa
+.\" should be
+.\" .Sq \&Va
+.\" as function arguments are variables.
+.\" .It
+.\" .Sq \&Ft
+.\" should be
+.\" .Sq \&Vt
+.\" as function return types are still types. Furthermore, the
+.\" .Sq \&Ft
+.\" should be removed and
+.\" .Sq \&Fo ,
+.\" which ostensibly follows it, should follow the same convention as
+.\" .Sq \&Va .
+.\" .It
+.\" .Sq \&Va
+.\" should formalise that only one or two arguments are acceptable: a
+.\" variable name and optional, preceding type.
+.\" .It
+.\" .Sq \&Fd
+.\" is ambiguous. It's commonly used to indicate an include file in the
+.\" synopsis section.
+.\" .Sq \&In
+.\" should be used, instead.
+.\" .It
+.\" Only the
+.\" .Sq \-literal
+.\" argument to
+.\" .Sq \&Bd
+.\" makes sense. The remaining ones should be removed.
+.\" .It
+.\" The
+.\" .Sq \&Xo
+.\" and
+.\" .Sq \&Xc
+.\" macros should be deprecated.
+.\" .It
+.\" The
+.\" .Sq \&Dt
+.\" macro lacks clarity. It should be absolutely clear which title will
+.\" render when formatting the manual page.
+.\" .It
+.\" A
+.\" .Sq \&Lx
+.\" should be provided for Linux (\(`a la
+.\" .Sq \&Ox ,
+.\" .Sq \&Nx
+.\" etc.).
+.\" .It
+.\" There's no way to refer to references in
+.\" .Sq \&Rs/Re
+.\" blocks.
+.\" .It
+.\" The \-split and \-nosplit dictates via
+.\" .Sq \&An
+.\" are re-set when entering and leaving the AUTHORS section.
+.\" .El
+.\" .
git.ckatri.com / mandoc.git / blobdiff