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diff --git a/mail_cmds/mail/USD.doc/mail2.nr b/mail_cmds/mail/USD.doc/mail2.nr new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0419859 --- /dev/null +++ b/mail_cmds/mail/USD.doc/mail2.nr @@ -0,0 +1,617 @@ +.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993 +.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. +.\" +.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without +.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions +.\" are met: +.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. +.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright +.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the +.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. +.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software +.\" must display the following acknowledgement: +.\" This product includes software developed by the University of +.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors. +.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors +.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software +.\" without specific prior written permission. +.\" +.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND +.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE +.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE +.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE +.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL +.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS +.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) +.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT +.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY +.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF +.\" SUCH DAMAGE. +.\" +.\" @(#)mail2.nr 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/8/93 +.\" +.bp +.sh 1 "Common usage" +.pp +The +.i Mail +command has two distinct usages, according to whether one +wants to send or receive mail. Sending mail is simple: to send a +message to a user whose login name is, say, +\*(lqroot,\*(rq +use the shell +command: +.(l +% Mail root +.)l +then type your message. When you reach the end of the message, type +an EOT (control\-d) at the beginning of a line, which will cause +.i Mail +to echo \*(lqEOT\*(rq and return you to the Shell. When the user you sent mail +to next logs in, he will receive the message: +.(l +You have mail. +.)l +to alert him to the existence of your message. +.pp +If, while you are composing the message +you decide that you do not wish to send it after all, you can +abort the letter with a \s-2RUBOUT\s0. Typing a single \s-2RUBOUT\s0 +causes +.i Mail +to print +.(l +(Interrupt -- one more to kill letter) +.)l +Typing a second +\s-2RUBOUT\s0 causes +.i Mail +to save your partial letter on the file +.q dead.letter +in your home directory and abort the letter. +Once you have +sent mail to someone, there is no way to undo the act, so be +careful. +.pp +The message your recipient reads will consist of the message you +typed, preceded by a line telling who sent the message (your login name) +and the date and time it +was sent. +.pp +If you want to send the same message to several other people, you can list +their login names on the command line. +Thus, +.(l +% Mail sam bob john +Tuition fees are due next Friday. Don't forget!! +<Control\-d> +EOT +% +.)l +will send the reminder to sam, bob, and john. +.pp +If, when you log in, you see the message, +.(l +You have mail. +.)l +you can read the mail by typing simply: +.(l +% Mail +.)l +.i Mail +will respond by typing its version number and date and then listing +the messages you have waiting. Then it will type a prompt and await +your command. The messages are assigned numbers starting with 1 \*- you +refer to the messages with these numbers. +.i Mail +keeps track of which messages are +.i new +(have been sent since you last read your mail) and +.i read +(have been read by you). New messages have an +.b N +next to them in the header listing and old, but unread messages have +a +.b U +next to them. +.i Mail +keeps track of new/old and read/unread messages by putting a +header field called +.q Status +into your messages. +.pp +To look at a specific message, use the +.b type +command, which may be abbreviated to simply +.b t . +For example, if you had the following messages: +.(l +N 1 root Wed Sep 21 09:21 "Tuition fees" +N 2 sam Tue Sep 20 22:55 +.)l +you could examine the first message by giving the command: +.(l +type 1 +.)l +which might cause +.i Mail +to respond with, for example: +.(l +Message 1: +From root Wed Sep 21 09:21:45 1978 +Subject: Tuition fees +Status: R + +Tuition fees are due next Wednesday. Don't forget!! + +.)l +Many +.i Mail +commands that operate on messages take a message number as an +argument like the +.b type +command. For these commands, there is a notion of a current +message. When you enter the +.i Mail +program, the current message is initially the first one. Thus, +you can often omit the message number and use, for example, +.(l +t +.)l +to type the current message. As a further shorthand, you can type a message +by simply giving its message number. Hence, +.(l +1 +.)l +would type the first message. +.pp +Frequently, it is useful to read the messages in your mailbox in order, +one after another. You can read the next message in +.i Mail +by simply typing a newline. As a special case, you can type a newline +as your first command to +.i Mail +to type the first message. +.pp +If, after typing a message, you wish to immediately send a reply, +you can do so with the +.b reply +command. +.b Reply , +like +.b type , +takes a message number as an argument. +.i Mail +then begins a message addressed to the user who sent you the message. +You may then type in your letter in reply, followed by a <control-d> +at the beginning of a line, as before. +.i Mail +will type EOT, then type the ampersand prompt to indicate its readiness +to accept another command. In our example, if, after typing the +first message, you wished to reply to it, you might give the command: +.(l +reply +.)l +.i Mail +responds by typing: +.(l +To: root +Subject: Re: Tuition fees +.)l +and waiting for you to enter your letter. +You are now in the message collection mode described at the beginning +of this section and +.i Mail +will gather up your message up to a control\-d. +Note that it copies the subject +header from the original message. This is useful in that correspondence +about a particular matter will tend to retain the same subject heading, +making it easy to recognize. If there are other header fields in +the message, the information found will also be used. +For example, if the letter had a +.q "To:" +header listing several recipients, +.i Mail +would arrange to send your replay to the same people as well. +Similarly, if the original message contained a +.q "Cc:" +(carbon copies to) field, +.i Mail +would send your reply to +.i those +users, too. +.i Mail +is careful, though, not too send the message to +.i you , +even if you appear in the +.q "To:" +or +.q "Cc:" +field, unless you ask to be included explicitly. See section 4 for more +details. +.pp +After typing in your letter, the dialog with +.i Mail +might look like the following: +.(l +reply +To: root +Subject: Tuition fees + +Thanks for the reminder +EOT +& +.)l +.pp +The +.b reply +command is especially useful for sustaining extended conversations +over the message system, with other +.q listening +users receiving copies of the conversation. The +.b reply +command can be abbreviated to +.b r . +.pp +Sometimes you will receive a message that has been sent to +several people and wish to reply +.i only +to the person who sent it. +.b Reply +with a capital +.b R +replies to a message, but sends a copy to the sender only. +.pp +If you wish, while reading your mail, to send a message to someone, +but not as a reply to one of your messages, you can send the message +directly with the +.b mail +command, which takes as arguments the names of the recipients you wish +to send to. For example, to send a message to +.q frank, +you would do: +.(l +mail frank +This is to confirm our meeting next Friday at 4. +EOT +& +.)l +The +.b mail +command can be abbreviated to +.b m . +.pp +Normally, each message you receive is saved in the file +.i mbox +in your login directory at the time you leave +.i Mail . +Often, +however, you will not want to save a particular message you +have received because it is only of passing interest. To avoid +saving a message in +.i mbox +you can delete it using the +.b delete +command. In our example, +.(l +delete 1 +.)l +will prevent +.i Mail +from saving message 1 (from root) in +.i mbox . +In addition to not saving deleted messages, +.i Mail +will not let +you type them, either. The effect is to make the message disappear +altogether, along with its number. The +.b delete +command can be abbreviated to simply +.b d . +.pp +Many features of +.i Mail +can be tailored to your liking with the +.b set +command. The +.b set +command has two forms, depending on whether you are setting +a +.i binary +option or a +.i valued +option. +Binary options are either on or off. For example, the +.q ask +option informs +.i Mail +that each time you send a message, you want it to prompt you for +a subject header, to be included in the message. +To set the +.q ask +option, you would type +.(l +set ask +.)l +.pp +Another useful +.i Mail +option is +.q hold. +Unless told otherwise, +.i Mail +moves the messages from your system mailbox to the file +.i mbox +in your home directory when you leave +.i Mail . +If you want +.i Mail +to keep your letters in the system mailbox instead, you can set the +.q hold +option. +.pp +Valued options are values which +.i Mail +uses to adapt to your tastes. For example, the +.q SHELL +option tells +.i Mail +which shell you like to use, and is specified by +.(l +set SHELL=/bin/csh +.)l +for example. Note that no spaces are allowed in +.q "SHELL=/bin/csh." +A complete list of the +.i Mail +options appears in section 5. +.pp +Another important valued option is +.q crt. +If you use a fast video terminal, you will find that when you +print long messages, they fly by too quickly for you to read them. +With the +.q crt +option, you can make +.i Mail +print any message larger than a given number of lines by sending +it through a paging program. This program is specified by the +valued option \fBPAGER\fP. +If \fBPAGER\fP is not set, a default paginator is used. +For example, most CRT users with 24-line screens should do: +.(l +set crt=24 +.)l +to paginate messages that will not fit on their screens. +In the default state, \fImore\fP (default paginator) prints a screenful of +information, then types --More--. Type a space to see the next screenful. +.pp +Another adaptation to user needs that +.i Mail +provides is that of +.i aliases . +An alias is simply a name which stands for one or more +real user names. +.i Mail +sent to an alias is really sent to the list of real users +associated with it. For example, an alias can be defined for the +members of a project, so that you can send mail to the whole project +by sending mail to just a single name. The +.b alias +command in +.i Mail +defines an alias. Suppose that the users in a project are +named Sam, Sally, Steve, and Susan. To define an alias called +.q project +for them, you would use the +.i Mail +command: +.(l +alias project sam sally steve susan +.)l +The +.b alias +command can also be used to provide a convenient name for someone +whose user name is inconvenient. For example, if a user named +.q "Bob Anderson" +had the login name +.q anderson," +you might want to use: +.(l +alias bob anderson +.)l +so that you could send mail to the shorter name, +.q bob. +.pp +While the +.b alias +and +.b set +commands allow you to customize +.i Mail , +they have the drawback that they must be retyped each time you enter +.i Mail . +To make them more convenient to use, +.i Mail +always looks for two files when it is invoked. It first reads +a system wide file +.q /etc/mail.rc, +then a user specific file, +.q .mailrc, +which is found in the user's home directory. +The system wide file +is maintained by the system administrator and +contains +.b set +commands that are applicable to all users of the system. +The +.q .mailrc +file is usually used by each user to set options the way he likes +and define individual aliases. +For example, my .mailrc file looks like this: +.(l +set ask nosave SHELL=/bin/csh +.)l +As you can see, it is possible to set many options in the +same +.b set +command. The +.q nosave +option is described in section 5. +.pp +Mail aliasing is implemented +at the system-wide level +by the mail delivery +system +.i sendmail . +These aliases are stored in the file /usr/lib/aliases and are +accessible to all users of the system. +The lines in /usr/lib/aliases are of +the form: +.(l +alias: name\*<1\*>, name\*<2\*>, name\*<3\*> +.)l +where +.i alias +is the mailing list name and the +.i name\*<i\*> +are the members of the list. Long lists can be continued onto the next +line by starting the next line with a space or tab. Remember that you +must execute the shell command +.i newaliases +after editing /usr/lib/aliases since the delivery system +uses an indexed file created by +.i newaliases . +.pp +We have seen that +.i Mail +can be invoked with command line arguments which are people +to send the message to, or with no arguments to read mail. +Specifying the +.rb \-f +flag on the command line causes +.i Mail +to read messages from a file other than your system mailbox. +For example, if you have a collection of messages in +the file +.q letters +you can use +.i Mail +to read them with: +.(l +% Mail \-f letters +.)l +You can use all +the +.i Mail +commands described in this document to examine, modify, or delete +messages from your +.q letters +file, which will be rewritten when you leave +.i Mail +with the +.b quit +command described below. +.pp +Since mail that you read is saved in the file +.i mbox +in your home directory by default, you can read +.i mbox +in your home directory by using simply +.(l +% Mail \-f +.)l +.pp +Normally, messages that you examine using the +.b type +command are saved in the file +.q mbox +in your home directory if you leave +.i Mail +with the +.b quit +command described below. +If you wish to retain a message in your system mailbox +you can use the +.b preserve +command to tell +.i Mail +to leave it there. +The +.b preserve +command accepts a list of message numbers, just like +.b type +and may be abbreviated to +.b pre . +.pp +Messages in your system mailbox that you do not examine are +normally retained in your system mailbox automatically. +If you wish to have such a message saved in +.i mbox +without reading it, you may use the +.b mbox +command to have them so saved. For example, +.(l +mbox 2 +.)l +in our example would cause the second message (from sam) +to be saved in +.i mbox +when the +.b quit +command is executed. +.b Mbox +is also the way to direct messages to your +.i mbox +file if you have set the +.q hold +option described above. +.b Mbox +can be abbreviated to +.b mb . +.pp +When you have perused all the messages of interest, you can leave +.i Mail +with the +.b quit +command, which saves the messages you have typed but not +deleted in the file +.i mbox +in your login directory. Deleted messages are discarded irretrievably, +and messages left untouched are preserved in your system mailbox so +that you will see them the next time you type: +.(l +% Mail +.)l +The +.b quit +command can be abbreviated to simply +.b q . +.pp +If you wish for some reason to leave +.i Mail +quickly without altering either your system mailbox or +.i mbox , +you can type the +.b x +command (short for +.b exit ), +which will immediately return you to the Shell without changing anything. +.pp +If, instead, you want to execute a Shell command without leaving +.i Mail , +you +can type the command preceded by an exclamation point, just as in the +text editor. Thus, for instance: +.(l +!date +.)l +will print the current date without leaving +.i Mail . +.pp +Finally, the +.b help +command is available to print out a brief summary of the +.i Mail +commands, using only the single character command abbreviations. |