mandoc_char.7

   1 .\"     $Id: mandoc_char.7,v 1.64 2017/02/05 21:41:21 schwarze Exp $
   2 .\"
   3 .\" Copyright (c) 2003 Jason McIntyre <jmc@openbsd.org>
   4 .\" Copyright (c) 2009, 2010, 2011 Kristaps Dzonsons <kristaps@bsd.lv>
   5 .\" Copyright (c) 2011, 2013, 2015 Ingo Schwarze <schwarze@openbsd.org>
   6 .\"
   7 .\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
   8 .\" purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
   9 .\" copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
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  11 .\" THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES
  12 .\" WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
  13 .\" MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR
  14 .\" ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES
  15 .\" WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN
  16 .\" ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF
  17 .\" OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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  19 .Dd $Mdocdate: February 5 2017 $
  20 .Dt MANDOC_CHAR 7
  21 .Os
  22 .Sh NAME
  23 .Nm mandoc_char
  24 .Nd mandoc special characters
  25 .Sh DESCRIPTION
  26 This page documents the
  27 .Xr roff 7
  28 escape sequences accepted by
  29 .Xr mandoc 1
  30 to represent special characters in
  31 .Xr mdoc 7
  32 and
  33 .Xr man 7
  34 documents.
  35 .Pp
  36 The rendering depends on the
  37 .Xr mandoc 1
  38 output mode; in ASCII output, most characters are completely
  39 unintelligible.
  40 For that reason, using any of the special characters documented here,
  41 except those discussed in the
  42 .Sx DESCRIPTION ,
  43 is strongly discouraged; they are supported merely for backwards
  44 compatibility with existing documents.
  45 .Pp
  46 In particular, in English manual pages, do not use special-character
  47 escape sequences to represent national language characters in author
  48 names; instead, provide ASCII transcriptions of the names.
  49 .Ss Dashes and Hyphens
  50 In typography there are different types of dashes of various width:
  51 the hyphen (-),
  52 the minus sign (\(mi),
  53 the en-dash (\(en),
  54 and the em-dash (\(em).
  55 .Pp
  56 Hyphens are used for adjectives;
  57 to separate the two parts of a compound word;
  58 or to separate a word across two successive lines of text.
  59 The hyphen does not need to be escaped:
  60 .Bd -unfilled -offset indent
  61 blue-eyed
  62 lorry-driver
  63 .Ed
  64 .Pp
  65 If a word on a text input line contains a hyphen, a formatter may decide
  66 to insert an output line break after the hyphen if that helps filling
  67 the current output line, but the whole word would overflow the line.
  68 If it is important that the word is not broken across lines in this
  69 way, a zero-width space
  70 .Pq Sq \e&
  71 can be inserted before or after the hyphen.
  72 While
  73 .Xr mandoc 1
  74 never breaks the output line after hyphens adjacent to a zero-width
  75 space, after any of the other dash- or hyphen-like characters
  76 represented by escape sequences, or after hyphens inside words in
  77 macro arguments, other software may not respect these rules and may
  78 break the line even in such cases.
  79 .Pp
  80 Some
  81 .Xr roff 7
  82 implementations contains dictionaries allowing to break the line
  83 at syllable boundaries even inside words that contain no hyphens.
  84 Such automatic hyphenation is not supported by
  85 .Xr mandoc 1 ,
  86 which only breaks the line at whitespace, and inside words only
  87 after existing hyphens.
  88 .Pp
  89 The mathematical minus sign is used for negative numbers or subtraction.
  90 It should be written as
  91 .Sq \e(mi :
  92 .Bd -unfilled -offset indent
  93 a = 3 \e(mi 1;
  94 b = \e(mi2;
  95 .Ed
  96 .Pp
  97 The en-dash is used to separate the two elements of a range,
  98 or can be used the same way as an em-dash.
  99 It should be written as
 100 .Sq \e(en :
 101 .Bd -unfilled -offset indent
 102 pp. 95\e(en97.
 103 Go away \e(en or else!
 104 .Ed
 105 .Pp
 106 The em-dash can be used to show an interruption
 107 or can be used the same way as colons, semi-colons, or parentheses.
 108 It should be written as
 109 .Sq \e(em :
 110 .Bd -unfilled -offset indent
 111 Three things \e(em apples, oranges, and bananas.
 112 This is not that \e(em rather, this is that.
 113 .Ed
 114 .Pp
 115 Note:
 116 hyphens, minus signs, and en-dashes look identical under normal ASCII output.
 117 Other formats, such as PostScript, render them correctly,
 118 with differing widths.
 119 .Ss Spaces
 120 To separate words in normal text, for indenting and alignment
 121 in literal context, and when none of the following special cases apply,
 122 just use the normal space character
 123 .Pq Sq \  .
 124 .Pp
 125 When filling text, output lines may be broken between words, i.e. at space
 126 characters.
 127 To prevent a line break between two particular words,
 128 use the unpaddable non-breaking space escape sequence
 129 .Pq Sq \e\ \&
 130 instead of the normal space character.
 131 For example, the input string
 132 .Dq number\e\ 1
 133 will be kept together as
 134 .Dq number\ 1
 135 on the same output line.
 136 .Pp
 137 On request and macro lines, the normal space character serves as an
 138 argument delimiter.
 139 To include whitespace into arguments, quoting is usually the best choice;
 140 see the MACRO SYNTAX section in
 141 .Xr roff 7 .
 142 In some cases, using the non-breaking space escape sequence
 143 .Pq Sq \e\ \&
 144 may be preferable.
 145 .Pp
 146 To escape macro names and to protect whitespace at the end
 147 of input lines, the zero-width space
 148 .Pq Sq \e&
 149 is often useful.
 150 For example, in
 151 .Xr mdoc 7 ,
 152 a normal space character can be displayed in single quotes in either
 153 of the following ways:
 154 .Pp
 155 .Dl .Sq \(dq \(dq
 156 .Dl .Sq \e \e&
 157 .Ss Quotes
 158 On request and macro lines, the double-quote character
 159 .Pq Sq \(dq
 160 is handled specially to allow quoting.
 161 One way to prevent this special handling is by using the
 162 .Sq \e(dq
 163 escape sequence.
 164 .Pp
 165 Note that on text lines, literal double-quote characters can be used
 166 verbatim.
 167 All other quote-like characters can be used verbatim as well,
 168 even on request and macro lines.
 169 .Ss Accents
 170 In output modes supporting such special output characters, for example
 171 .Fl T Cm pdf ,
 172 some
 173 .Xr roff 7
 174 formatters convert the following ASCII input characters to the
 175 following Unicode special output characters:
 176 .Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent
 177 .It \(ga Ta U+2018 Ta left single quotation mark
 178 .It \(aq Ta U+2019 Ta right single quotation mark
 179 .It \(ti Ta U+02DC Ta small tilde
 180 .El
 181 .Pp
 182 In prose, this automatic substitution is often desirable;
 183 but when these characters have to be displayed as plain ASCII
 184 characters, for example in source code samples, they require
 185 escaping to render as follows:
 186 .Bl -column x(ga U+2018 -offset indent
 187 .It \e(ga Ta U+0060 Ta grave accent
 188 .It \e(aq Ta U+0027 Ta apostrophe
 189 .It \e(ti Ta U+007E Ta tilde
 190 .El
 191 .Ss Periods
 192 The period
 193 .Pq Sq \&.
 194 is handled specially at the beginning of an input line,
 195 where it introduces a
 196 .Xr roff 7
 197 request or a macro, and when appearing alone as a macro argument in
 198 .Xr mdoc 7 .
 199 In such situations, prepend a zero-width space
 200 .Pq Sq \e&.
 201 to make it behave like normal text.
 202 .Pp
 203 Do not use the
 204 .Sq \e.
 205 escape sequence.
 206 It does not prevent special handling of the period.
 207 .Ss Backslashes
 208 To include a literal backslash
 209 .Pq Sq \e
 210 into the output, use the
 211 .Pq Sq \ee
 212 escape sequence.
 213 .Pp
 214 Note that doubling it
 215 .Pq Sq \e\e
 216 is not the right way to output a backslash.
 217 Because
 218 .Xr mandoc 1
 219 does not implement full
 220 .Xr roff 7
 221 functionality, it may work with
 222 .Xr mandoc 1 ,
 223 but it may have weird effects on complete
 224 .Xr roff 7
 225 implementations.
 226 .Sh SPECIAL CHARACTERS
 227 Special characters are encoded as
 228 .Sq \eX
 229 .Pq for a one-character escape ,
 230 .Sq \e(XX
 231 .Pq two-character ,
 232 and
 233 .Sq \e[N]
 234 .Pq N-character .
 235 For details, see the
 236 .Em Special Characters
 237 subsection of the
 238 .Xr roff 7
 239 manual.
 240 .Pp
 241 Spacing:
 242 .Bl -column "Input" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 243 .It Em Input Ta Em Description
 244 .It Sq \e\ \& Ta unpaddable non-breaking space
 245 .It \e\(ti   Ta paddable non-breaking space
 246 .It \e0      Ta unpaddable, breaking digit-width space
 247 .It \e|      Ta one-sixth \e(em narrow space, zero width in nroff mode
 248 .It \e^      Ta one-twelfth \e(em half-narrow space, zero width in nroff
 249 .It \e&      Ta zero-width space
 250 .It \e%      Ta zero-width space allowing hyphenation
 251 .El
 252 .Pp
 253 Lines:
 254 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 255 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 256 .It \e(ba    Ta \(ba        Ta bar
 257 .It \e(br    Ta \(br        Ta box rule
 258 .It \e(ul    Ta \(ul        Ta underscore
 259 .It \e(rn    Ta \(rn        Ta overline
 260 .It \e(bb    Ta \(bb        Ta broken bar
 261 .It \e(sl    Ta \(sl        Ta forward slash
 262 .It \e(rs    Ta \(rs        Ta backward slash
 263 .El
 264 .Pp
 265 Text markers:
 266 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 267 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 268 .It \e(ci    Ta \(ci        Ta circle
 269 .It \e(bu    Ta \(bu        Ta bullet
 270 .It \e(dd    Ta \(dd        Ta double dagger
 271 .It \e(dg    Ta \(dg        Ta dagger
 272 .It \e(lz    Ta \(lz        Ta lozenge
 273 .It \e(sq    Ta \(sq        Ta white square
 274 .It \e(ps    Ta \(ps        Ta paragraph
 275 .It \e(sc    Ta \(sc        Ta section
 276 .It \e(lh    Ta \(lh        Ta left hand
 277 .It \e(rh    Ta \(rh        Ta right hand
 278 .It \e(at    Ta \(at        Ta at
 279 .It \e(sh    Ta \(sh        Ta hash (pound)
 280 .It \e(CR    Ta \(CR        Ta carriage return
 281 .It \e(OK    Ta \(OK        Ta check mark
 282 .El
 283 .Pp
 284 Legal symbols:
 285 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 286 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 287 .It \e(co    Ta \(co        Ta copyright
 288 .It \e(rg    Ta \(rg        Ta registered
 289 .It \e(tm    Ta \(tm        Ta trademarked
 290 .El
 291 .Pp
 292 Punctuation:
 293 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 294 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 295 .It \e(em    Ta \(em        Ta em-dash
 296 .It \e(en    Ta \(en        Ta en-dash
 297 .It \e(hy    Ta \(hy        Ta hyphen
 298 .It \ee      Ta \e          Ta back-slash
 299 .It \e.      Ta \.          Ta period
 300 .It \e(r!    Ta \(r!        Ta upside-down exclamation
 301 .It \e(r?    Ta \(r?        Ta upside-down question
 302 .El
 303 .Pp
 304 Quotes:
 305 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 306 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 307 .It \e(Bq    Ta \(Bq        Ta right low double-quote
 308 .It \e(bq    Ta \(bq        Ta right low single-quote
 309 .It \e(lq    Ta \(lq        Ta left double-quote
 310 .It \e(rq    Ta \(rq        Ta right double-quote
 311 .It \e(oq    Ta \(oq        Ta left single-quote
 312 .It \e(cq    Ta \(cq        Ta right single-quote
 313 .It \e(aq    Ta \(aq        Ta apostrophe quote (text)
 314 .It \e(dq    Ta \(dq        Ta double quote (text)
 315 .It \e(Fo    Ta \(Fo        Ta left guillemet
 316 .It \e(Fc    Ta \(Fc        Ta right guillemet
 317 .It \e(fo    Ta \(fo        Ta left single guillemet
 318 .It \e(fc    Ta \(fc        Ta right single guillemet
 319 .El
 320 .Pp
 321 Brackets:
 322 .Bl -column "xxbracketrightbtx" Rendered Description -offset indent -compact
 323 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 324 .It \e(lB    Ta \(lB        Ta left bracket
 325 .It \e(rB    Ta \(rB        Ta right bracket
 326 .It \e(lC    Ta \(lC        Ta left brace
 327 .It \e(rC    Ta \(rC        Ta right brace
 328 .It \e(la    Ta \(la        Ta left angle
 329 .It \e(ra    Ta \(ra        Ta right angle
 330 .It \e(bv    Ta \(bv        Ta brace extension
 331 .It \e[braceex] Ta \[braceex] Ta brace extension
 332 .It \e[bracketlefttp] Ta \[bracketlefttp] Ta top-left hooked bracket
 333 .It \e[bracketleftbt] Ta \[bracketleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked bracket
 334 .It \e[bracketleftex] Ta \[bracketleftex] Ta left hooked bracket extension
 335 .It \e[bracketrighttp] Ta \[bracketrighttp] Ta top-right hooked bracket
 336 .It \e[bracketrightbt] Ta \[bracketrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked bracket
 337 .It \e[bracketrightex] Ta \[bracketrightex] Ta right hooked bracket extension
 338 .It \e(lt    Ta \(lt        Ta top-left hooked brace
 339 .It \e[bracelefttp] Ta \[bracelefttp] Ta top-left hooked brace
 340 .It \e(lk    Ta \(lk        Ta mid-left hooked brace
 341 .It \e[braceleftmid] Ta \[braceleftmid] Ta mid-left hooked brace
 342 .It \e(lb    Ta \(lb        Ta bottom-left hooked brace
 343 .It \e[braceleftbt] Ta \[braceleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked brace
 344 .It \e[braceleftex] Ta \[braceleftex] Ta left hooked brace extension
 345 .It \e(rt    Ta \(rt        Ta top-left hooked brace
 346 .It \e[bracerighttp] Ta \[bracerighttp] Ta top-right hooked brace
 347 .It \e(rk    Ta \(rk        Ta mid-right hooked brace
 348 .It \e[bracerightmid] Ta \[bracerightmid] Ta mid-right hooked brace
 349 .It \e(rb    Ta \(rb        Ta bottom-right hooked brace
 350 .It \e[bracerightbt] Ta \[bracerightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked brace
 351 .It \e[bracerightex] Ta \[bracerightex] Ta right hooked brace extension
 352 .It \e[parenlefttp] Ta \[parenlefttp] Ta top-left hooked parenthesis
 353 .It \e[parenleftbt] Ta \[parenleftbt] Ta bottom-left hooked parenthesis
 354 .It \e[parenleftex] Ta \[parenleftex] Ta left hooked parenthesis extension
 355 .It \e[parenrighttp] Ta \[parenrighttp] Ta top-right hooked parenthesis
 356 .It \e[parenrightbt] Ta \[parenrightbt] Ta bottom-right hooked parenthesis
 357 .It \e[parenrightex] Ta \[parenrightex] Ta right hooked parenthesis extension
 358 .El
 359 .Pp
 360 Arrows:
 361 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 362 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 363 .It \e(<-    Ta \(<-        Ta left arrow
 364 .It \e(->    Ta \(->        Ta right arrow
 365 .It \e(<>    Ta \(<>        Ta left-right arrow
 366 .It \e(da    Ta \(da        Ta down arrow
 367 .It \e(ua    Ta \(ua        Ta up arrow
 368 .It \e(va    Ta \(va        Ta up-down arrow
 369 .It \e(lA    Ta \(lA        Ta left double-arrow
 370 .It \e(rA    Ta \(rA        Ta right double-arrow
 371 .It \e(hA    Ta \(hA        Ta left-right double-arrow
 372 .It \e(uA    Ta \(uA        Ta up double-arrow
 373 .It \e(dA    Ta \(dA        Ta down double-arrow
 374 .It \e(vA    Ta \(vA        Ta up-down double-arrow
 375 .El
 376 .Pp
 377 Logical:
 378 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 379 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 380 .It \e(AN    Ta \(AN        Ta logical and
 381 .It \e(OR    Ta \(OR        Ta logical or
 382 .It \e(no    Ta \(no        Ta logical not
 383 .It \e[tno]  Ta \[tno]      Ta logical not (text)
 384 .It \e(te    Ta \(te        Ta existential quantifier
 385 .It \e(fa    Ta \(fa        Ta universal quantifier
 386 .It \e(st    Ta \(st        Ta such that
 387 .It \e(tf    Ta \(tf        Ta therefore
 388 .It \e(3d    Ta \(3d        Ta therefore
 389 .It \e(or    Ta \(or        Ta bitwise or
 390 .El
 391 .Pp
 392 Mathematical:
 393 .Bl -column "xxcoproductxx" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 394 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 395 .It \e(pl    Ta \(pl        Ta plus
 396 .It \e(mi    Ta \(mi        Ta minus
 397 .It \e-      Ta \-          Ta minus (text)
 398 .It \e(-+    Ta \(-+        Ta minus-plus
 399 .It \e(+-    Ta \(+-        Ta plus-minus
 400 .It \e[t+-]  Ta \[t+-]      Ta plus-minus (text)
 401 .It \e(pc    Ta \(pc        Ta center-dot
 402 .It \e(mu    Ta \(mu        Ta multiply
 403 .It \e[tmu]  Ta \[tmu]      Ta multiply (text)
 404 .It \e(c*    Ta \(c*        Ta circle-multiply
 405 .It \e(c+    Ta \(c+        Ta circle-plus
 406 .It \e(di    Ta \(di        Ta divide
 407 .It \e[tdi]  Ta \[tdi]      Ta divide (text)
 408 .It \e(f/    Ta \(f/        Ta fraction
 409 .It \e(**    Ta \(**        Ta asterisk
 410 .It \e(<=    Ta \(<=        Ta less-than-equal
 411 .It \e(>=    Ta \(>=        Ta greater-than-equal
 412 .It \e(<<    Ta \(<<        Ta much less
 413 .It \e(>>    Ta \(>>        Ta much greater
 414 .It \e(eq    Ta \(eq        Ta equal
 415 .It \e(!=    Ta \(!=        Ta not equal
 416 .It \e(==    Ta \(==        Ta equivalent
 417 .It \e(ne    Ta \(ne        Ta not equivalent
 418 .It \e(ap    Ta \(ap        Ta tilde operator
 419 .It \e(|=    Ta \(|=        Ta asymptotically equal
 420 .It \e(=\(ti Ta \(=~        Ta approximately equal
 421 .It \e(\(ti\(ti Ta \(~~        Ta almost equal
 422 .It \e(\(ti= Ta \(~=        Ta almost equal
 423 .It \e(pt    Ta \(pt        Ta proportionate
 424 .It \e(es    Ta \(es        Ta empty set
 425 .It \e(mo    Ta \(mo        Ta element
 426 .It \e(nm    Ta \(nm        Ta not element
 427 .It \e(sb    Ta \(sb        Ta proper subset
 428 .It \e(nb    Ta \(nb        Ta not subset
 429 .It \e(sp    Ta \(sp        Ta proper superset
 430 .It \e(nc    Ta \(nc        Ta not superset
 431 .It \e(ib    Ta \(ib        Ta reflexive subset
 432 .It \e(ip    Ta \(ip        Ta reflexive superset
 433 .It \e(ca    Ta \(ca        Ta intersection
 434 .It \e(cu    Ta \(cu        Ta union
 435 .It \e(/_    Ta \(/_        Ta angle
 436 .It \e(pp    Ta \(pp        Ta perpendicular
 437 .It \e(is    Ta \(is        Ta integral
 438 .It \e[integral] Ta \[integral] Ta integral
 439 .It \e[sum]    Ta \[sum]   Ta summation
 440 .It \e[product] Ta \[product] Ta product
 441 .It \e[coproduct] Ta \[coproduct] Ta coproduct
 442 .It \e(gr    Ta \(gr        Ta gradient
 443 .It \e(sr    Ta \(sr        Ta square root
 444 .It \e[sqrt] Ta \[sqrt]     Ta square root
 445 .It \e(lc    Ta \(lc        Ta left-ceiling
 446 .It \e(rc    Ta \(rc        Ta right-ceiling
 447 .It \e(lf    Ta \(lf        Ta left-floor
 448 .It \e(rf    Ta \(rf        Ta right-floor
 449 .It \e(if    Ta \(if        Ta infinity
 450 .It \e(Ah    Ta \(Ah        Ta aleph
 451 .It \e(Im    Ta \(Im        Ta imaginary
 452 .It \e(Re    Ta \(Re        Ta real
 453 .It \e(pd    Ta \(pd        Ta partial differential
 454 .It \e(-h    Ta \(-h        Ta Planck constant over 2\(*p
 455 .It \e[12]   Ta \[12]       Ta one-half
 456 .It \e[14]   Ta \[14]       Ta one-fourth
 457 .It \e[34]   Ta \[34]       Ta three-fourths
 458 .El
 459 .Pp
 460 Ligatures:
 461 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 462 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 463 .It \e(ff    Ta \(ff        Ta ff ligature
 464 .It \e(fi    Ta \(fi        Ta fi ligature
 465 .It \e(fl    Ta \(fl        Ta fl ligature
 466 .It \e(Fi    Ta \(Fi        Ta ffi ligature
 467 .It \e(Fl    Ta \(Fl        Ta ffl ligature
 468 .It \e(AE    Ta \(AE        Ta AE
 469 .It \e(ae    Ta \(ae        Ta ae
 470 .It \e(OE    Ta \(OE        Ta OE
 471 .It \e(oe    Ta \(oe        Ta oe
 472 .It \e(ss    Ta \(ss        Ta German eszett
 473 .It \e(IJ    Ta \(IJ        Ta IJ ligature
 474 .It \e(ij    Ta \(ij        Ta ij ligature
 475 .El
 476 .Pp
 477 Accents:
 478 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 479 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 480 .It \e(a"    Ta \(a"        Ta Hungarian umlaut
 481 .It \e(a-    Ta \(a-        Ta macron
 482 .It \e(a.    Ta \(a.        Ta dotted
 483 .It \e(a^    Ta \(a^        Ta circumflex
 484 .It \e(aa    Ta \(aa        Ta acute
 485 .It \e\(aq   Ta \'          Ta acute
 486 .It \e(ga    Ta \(ga        Ta grave
 487 .It \e\(ga   Ta \`          Ta grave
 488 .It \e(ab    Ta \(ab        Ta breve
 489 .It \e(ac    Ta \(ac        Ta cedilla
 490 .It \e(ad    Ta \(ad        Ta dieresis
 491 .It \e(ah    Ta \(ah        Ta caron
 492 .It \e(ao    Ta \(ao        Ta ring
 493 .It \e(a\(ti Ta \(a~        Ta tilde
 494 .It \e(ho    Ta \(ho        Ta ogonek
 495 .It \e(ha    Ta \(ha        Ta hat (text)
 496 .It \e(ti    Ta \(ti        Ta tilde (text)
 497 .El
 498 .Pp
 499 Accented letters:
 500 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 501 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 502 .It \e(\(aqA Ta \('A        Ta acute A
 503 .It \e(\(aqE Ta \('E        Ta acute E
 504 .It \e(\(aqI Ta \('I        Ta acute I
 505 .It \e(\(aqO Ta \('O        Ta acute O
 506 .It \e(\(aqU Ta \('U        Ta acute U
 507 .It \e(\(aqa Ta \('a        Ta acute a
 508 .It \e(\(aqe Ta \('e        Ta acute e
 509 .It \e(\(aqi Ta \('i        Ta acute i
 510 .It \e(\(aqo Ta \('o        Ta acute o
 511 .It \e(\(aqu Ta \('u        Ta acute u
 512 .It \e(\(gaA Ta \(`A        Ta grave A
 513 .It \e(\(gaE Ta \(`E        Ta grave E
 514 .It \e(\(gaI Ta \(`I        Ta grave I
 515 .It \e(\(gaO Ta \(`O        Ta grave O
 516 .It \e(\(gaU Ta \(`U        Ta grave U
 517 .It \e(\(gaa Ta \(`a        Ta grave a
 518 .It \e(\(gae Ta \(`e        Ta grave e
 519 .It \e(\(gai Ta \(`i        Ta grave i
 520 .It \e(\(gao Ta \(`i        Ta grave o
 521 .It \e(\(gau Ta \(`u        Ta grave u
 522 .It \e(\(tiA Ta \(~A        Ta tilde A
 523 .It \e(\(tiN Ta \(~N        Ta tilde N
 524 .It \e(\(tiO Ta \(~O        Ta tilde O
 525 .It \e(\(tia Ta \(~a        Ta tilde a
 526 .It \e(\(tin Ta \(~n        Ta tilde n
 527 .It \e(\(tio Ta \(~o        Ta tilde o
 528 .It \e(:A    Ta \(:A        Ta dieresis A
 529 .It \e(:E    Ta \(:E        Ta dieresis E
 530 .It \e(:I    Ta \(:I        Ta dieresis I
 531 .It \e(:O    Ta \(:O        Ta dieresis O
 532 .It \e(:U    Ta \(:U        Ta dieresis U
 533 .It \e(:a    Ta \(:a        Ta dieresis a
 534 .It \e(:e    Ta \(:e        Ta dieresis e
 535 .It \e(:i    Ta \(:i        Ta dieresis i
 536 .It \e(:o    Ta \(:o        Ta dieresis o
 537 .It \e(:u    Ta \(:u        Ta dieresis u
 538 .It \e(:y    Ta \(:y        Ta dieresis y
 539 .It \e(^A    Ta \(^A        Ta circumflex A
 540 .It \e(^E    Ta \(^E        Ta circumflex E
 541 .It \e(^I    Ta \(^I        Ta circumflex I
 542 .It \e(^O    Ta \(^O        Ta circumflex O
 543 .It \e(^U    Ta \(^U        Ta circumflex U
 544 .It \e(^a    Ta \(^a        Ta circumflex a
 545 .It \e(^e    Ta \(^e        Ta circumflex e
 546 .It \e(^i    Ta \(^i        Ta circumflex i
 547 .It \e(^o    Ta \(^o        Ta circumflex o
 548 .It \e(^u    Ta \(^u        Ta circumflex u
 549 .It \e(,C    Ta \(,C        Ta cedilla C
 550 .It \e(,c    Ta \(,c        Ta cedilla c
 551 .It \e(/L    Ta \(/L        Ta stroke L
 552 .It \e(/l    Ta \(/l        Ta stroke l
 553 .It \e(/O    Ta \(/O        Ta stroke O
 554 .It \e(/o    Ta \(/o        Ta stroke o
 555 .It \e(oA    Ta \(oA        Ta ring A
 556 .It \e(oa    Ta \(oa        Ta ring a
 557 .El
 558 .Pp
 559 Special letters:
 560 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 561 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 562 .It \e(-D    Ta \(-D        Ta Eth
 563 .It \e(Sd    Ta \(Sd        Ta eth
 564 .It \e(TP    Ta \(TP        Ta Thorn
 565 .It \e(Tp    Ta \(Tp        Ta thorn
 566 .It \e(.i    Ta \(.i        Ta dotless i
 567 .It \e(.j    Ta \(.j        Ta dotless j
 568 .El
 569 .Pp
 570 Currency:
 571 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 572 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 573 .It \e(Do    Ta \(Do        Ta dollar
 574 .It \e(ct    Ta \(ct        Ta cent
 575 .It \e(Eu    Ta \(Eu        Ta Euro symbol
 576 .It \e(eu    Ta \(eu        Ta Euro symbol
 577 .It \e(Ye    Ta \(Ye        Ta yen
 578 .It \e(Po    Ta \(Po        Ta pound
 579 .It \e(Cs    Ta \(Cs        Ta Scandinavian
 580 .It \e(Fn    Ta \(Fn        Ta florin
 581 .El
 582 .Pp
 583 Units:
 584 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 585 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 586 .It \e(de    Ta \(de        Ta degree
 587 .It \e(%0    Ta \(%0        Ta per-thousand
 588 .It \e(fm    Ta \(fm        Ta minute
 589 .It \e(sd    Ta \(sd        Ta second
 590 .It \e(mc    Ta \(mc        Ta micro
 591 .El
 592 .Pp
 593 Greek letters:
 594 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent -compact
 595 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 596 .It \e(*A    Ta \(*A        Ta Alpha
 597 .It \e(*B    Ta \(*B        Ta Beta
 598 .It \e(*G    Ta \(*G        Ta Gamma
 599 .It \e(*D    Ta \(*D        Ta Delta
 600 .It \e(*E    Ta \(*E        Ta Epsilon
 601 .It \e(*Z    Ta \(*Z        Ta Zeta
 602 .It \e(*Y    Ta \(*Y        Ta Eta
 603 .It \e(*H    Ta \(*H        Ta Theta
 604 .It \e(*I    Ta \(*I        Ta Iota
 605 .It \e(*K    Ta \(*K        Ta Kappa
 606 .It \e(*L    Ta \(*L        Ta Lambda
 607 .It \e(*M    Ta \(*M        Ta Mu
 608 .It \e(*N    Ta \(*N        Ta Nu
 609 .It \e(*C    Ta \(*C        Ta Xi
 610 .It \e(*O    Ta \(*O        Ta Omicron
 611 .It \e(*P    Ta \(*P        Ta Pi
 612 .It \e(*R    Ta \(*R        Ta Rho
 613 .It \e(*S    Ta \(*S        Ta Sigma
 614 .It \e(*T    Ta \(*T        Ta Tau
 615 .It \e(*U    Ta \(*U        Ta Upsilon
 616 .It \e(*F    Ta \(*F        Ta Phi
 617 .It \e(*X    Ta \(*X        Ta Chi
 618 .It \e(*Q    Ta \(*Q        Ta Psi
 619 .It \e(*W    Ta \(*W        Ta Omega
 620 .It \e(*a    Ta \(*a        Ta alpha
 621 .It \e(*b    Ta \(*b        Ta beta
 622 .It \e(*g    Ta \(*g        Ta gamma
 623 .It \e(*d    Ta \(*d        Ta delta
 624 .It \e(*e    Ta \(*e        Ta epsilon
 625 .It \e(*z    Ta \(*z        Ta zeta
 626 .It \e(*y    Ta \(*y        Ta eta
 627 .It \e(*h    Ta \(*h        Ta theta
 628 .It \e(*i    Ta \(*i        Ta iota
 629 .It \e(*k    Ta \(*k        Ta kappa
 630 .It \e(*l    Ta \(*l        Ta lambda
 631 .It \e(*m    Ta \(*m        Ta mu
 632 .It \e(*n    Ta \(*n        Ta nu
 633 .It \e(*c    Ta \(*c        Ta xi
 634 .It \e(*o    Ta \(*o        Ta omicron
 635 .It \e(*p    Ta \(*p        Ta pi
 636 .It \e(*r    Ta \(*r        Ta rho
 637 .It \e(*s    Ta \(*s        Ta sigma
 638 .It \e(*t    Ta \(*t        Ta tau
 639 .It \e(*u    Ta \(*u        Ta upsilon
 640 .It \e(*f    Ta \(*f        Ta phi
 641 .It \e(*x    Ta \(*x        Ta chi
 642 .It \e(*q    Ta \(*q        Ta psi
 643 .It \e(*w    Ta \(*w        Ta omega
 644 .It \e(+h    Ta \(+h        Ta theta variant
 645 .It \e(+f    Ta \(+f        Ta phi variant
 646 .It \e(+p    Ta \(+p        Ta pi variant
 647 .It \e(+e    Ta \(+e        Ta epsilon variant
 648 .It \e(ts    Ta \(ts        Ta sigma terminal
 649 .El
 650 .Sh PREDEFINED STRINGS
 651 Predefined strings are inherited from the macro packages of historical
 652 troff implementations.
 653 They are
 654 .Em not recommended
 655 for use, as they differ across implementations.
 656 Manuals using these predefined strings are almost certainly not
 657 portable.
 658 .Pp
 659 Their syntax is similar to special characters, using
 660 .Sq \e*X
 661 .Pq for a one-character escape ,
 662 .Sq \e*(XX
 663 .Pq two-character ,
 664 and
 665 .Sq \e*[N]
 666 .Pq N-character .
 667 For details, see the
 668 .Em Predefined Strings
 669 subsection of the
 670 .Xr roff 7
 671 manual.
 672 .Bl -column "Input" "Rendered" "Description" -offset indent
 673 .It Em Input Ta Em Rendered Ta Em Description
 674 .It \e*(Ba   Ta \*(Ba       Ta vertical bar
 675 .It \e*(Ne   Ta \*(Ne       Ta not equal
 676 .It \e*(Ge   Ta \*(Ge       Ta greater-than-equal
 677 .It \e*(Le   Ta \*(Le       Ta less-than-equal
 678 .It \e*(Gt   Ta \*(Gt       Ta greater-than
 679 .It \e*(Lt   Ta \*(Lt       Ta less-than
 680 .It \e*(Pm   Ta \*(Pm       Ta plus-minus
 681 .It \e*(If   Ta \*(If       Ta infinity
 682 .It \e*(Pi   Ta \*(Pi       Ta pi
 683 .It \e*(Na   Ta \*(Na       Ta NaN
 684 .It \e*(Am   Ta \*(Am       Ta ampersand
 685 .It \e*R     Ta \*R         Ta restricted mark
 686 .It \e*(Tm   Ta \*(Tm       Ta trade mark
 687 .It \e*q     Ta \*q         Ta double-quote
 688 .It \e*(Rq   Ta \*(Rq       Ta right-double-quote
 689 .It \e*(Lq   Ta \*(Lq       Ta left-double-quote
 690 .It \e*(lp   Ta \*(lp       Ta right-parenthesis
 691 .It \e*(rp   Ta \*(rp       Ta left-parenthesis
 692 .It \e*(lq   Ta \*(lq       Ta left double-quote
 693 .It \e*(rq   Ta \*(rq       Ta right double-quote
 694 .It \e*(ua   Ta \*(ua       Ta up arrow
 695 .It \e*(va   Ta \*(va       Ta up-down arrow
 696 .It \e*(<=   Ta \*(<=       Ta less-than-equal
 697 .It \e*(>=   Ta \*(>=       Ta greater-than-equal
 698 .It \e*(aa   Ta \*(aa       Ta acute
 699 .It \e*(ga   Ta \*(ga       Ta grave
 700 .It \e*(Px   Ta \*(Px       Ta POSIX standard name
 701 .It \e*(Ai   Ta \*(Ai       Ta ANSI standard name
 702 .El
 703 .Sh UNICODE CHARACTERS
 704 The escape sequences
 705 .Pp
 706 .Dl \e[uXXXX] and \eC\(aquXXXX\(aq
 707 .Pp
 708 are interpreted as Unicode codepoints.
 709 The codepoint must be in the range above U+0080 and less than U+10FFFF.
 710 For compatibility, the hexadecimal digits
 711 .Sq A
 712 to
 713 .Sq F
 714 must be given as uppercase characters,
 715 and points must be zero-padded to four characters; if
 716 greater than four characters, no zero padding is allowed.
 717 Unicode surrogates are not allowed.
 718 .Sh NUMBERED CHARACTERS
 719 For backward compatibility with existing manuals,
 720 .Xr mandoc 1
 721 also supports the
 722 .Pp
 723 .Dl \eN\(aq Ns Ar number Ns \(aq
 724 .Pp
 725 escape sequence, inserting the character
 726 .Ar number
 727 from the current character set into the output.
 728 Of course, this is inherently non-portable and is already marked
 729 as deprecated in the Heirloom roff manual.
 730 For example, do not use \eN\(aq34\(aq, use \e(dq, or even the plain
 731 .Sq \(dq
 732 character where possible.
 733 .Sh COMPATIBILITY
 734 This section documents compatibility between mandoc and other
 735 troff implementations, at this time limited to GNU troff
 736 .Pq Qq groff .
 737 .Pp
 738 .Bl -dash -compact
 739 .It
 740 The \eN\(aq\(aq escape sequence is limited to printable characters; in
 741 groff, it accepts arbitrary character numbers.
 742 .It
 743 In
 744 .Fl T Ns Cm ascii ,
 745 the
 746 \e(ss, \e(nm, \e(nb, \e(nc, \e(ib, \e(ip, \e(pp, \e[sum], \e[product],
 747 \e[coproduct], \e(gr, \e(-h, and \e(a. special characters render
 748 differently between mandoc and groff.
 749 .It
 750 In
 751 .Fl T Ns Cm html
 752 and
 753 .Fl T Ns Cm xhtml ,
 754 the \e(\(ti=, \e(nb, and \e(nc special characters render differently
 755 between mandoc and groff.
 756 .It
 757 The
 758 .Fl T Ns Cm ps
 759 and
 760 .Fl T Ns Cm pdf
 761 modes format like
 762 .Fl T Ns Cm ascii
 763 instead of rendering glyphs as in groff.
 764 .It
 765 The \e[radicalex], \e[sqrtex], and \e(ru special characters have been omitted
 766 from mandoc either because they are poorly documented or they have no
 767 known representation.
 768 .El
 769 .Sh SEE ALSO
 770 .Xr mandoc 1 ,
 771 .Xr man 7 ,
 772 .Xr mdoc 7 ,
 773 .Xr roff 7
 774 .Sh AUTHORS
 775 The
 776 .Nm
 777 manual page was written by
 778 .An Kristaps Dzonsons Aq Mt kristaps@bsd.lv .
 779 .Sh CAVEATS
 780 The predefined string
 781 .Sq \e*(Ba
 782 mimics the behaviour of the
 783 .Sq \&|
 784 character in
 785 .Xr mdoc 7 ;
 786 thus, if you wish to render a vertical bar with no side effects, use
 787 the
 788 .Sq \e(ba
 789 escape.